Introduction to physiology
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Life & homeostasis
What is life? • Open systems
• Maintain homeostasis
• Composed of cells
• Have a life cycle
• Undergo metabolism
• Grow
• Adapt to their environment
• Respond to stimuli
• Reproduce
• Evolve
Homeostasis • Balance
• Dynamic
• Depends on natural resistance to change and regulation to return to normal range
Homeostatic • Receptors
systems • Control centre
always • Effectors
contain
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Universal principles of life & cell biology
1. Genetic Genetic information stored as DNA sequence is duplicated
information and passed on to daughter cells
2. Transcription & Linear chemical sequences (DNA) give rise to the linear
translation sequences and three-dimensional structures of RNAs and
proteins
3. Macromolecules • Macromolecules are built by
combining subunits
• Allows for diversity from
identical building blocks
• Self-assemble
4. Membranes Living organisms are surrounded by a membrane
Made up of a lipid bilayer
Following the fluid mosaic model
Membranes are not made de novo
5. Subcellular Spatial targeting a form of regulation
targeting Dependent on protein motifs/signals
Soluble proteins start at ribosomes
Membrane proteins carried by vesicles to target membrane
6. Movement Cellular constituents move by diffusion, pumps, and motors
7. Signalling Mechanism to receive, adapt
and respond to intracellular
and extracellular signals
Signals can be nutrients,
growth factors, hormones,
neurotransmitters, and toxins
8. Feedback Feedback control is the regulation of prior
steps in a pathway by downstream
products of that pathway
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Body Systems
Body system: Combination of tissues and organs that fulfill a specific function in the body
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Life & homeostasis
What is life? • Open systems
• Maintain homeostasis
• Composed of cells
• Have a life cycle
• Undergo metabolism
• Grow
• Adapt to their environment
• Respond to stimuli
• Reproduce
• Evolve
Homeostasis • Balance
• Dynamic
• Depends on natural resistance to change and regulation to return to normal range
Homeostatic • Receptors
systems • Control centre
always • Effectors
contain
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Universal principles of life & cell biology
1. Genetic Genetic information stored as DNA sequence is duplicated
information and passed on to daughter cells
2. Transcription & Linear chemical sequences (DNA) give rise to the linear
translation sequences and three-dimensional structures of RNAs and
proteins
3. Macromolecules • Macromolecules are built by
combining subunits
• Allows for diversity from
identical building blocks
• Self-assemble
4. Membranes Living organisms are surrounded by a membrane
Made up of a lipid bilayer
Following the fluid mosaic model
Membranes are not made de novo
5. Subcellular Spatial targeting a form of regulation
targeting Dependent on protein motifs/signals
Soluble proteins start at ribosomes
Membrane proteins carried by vesicles to target membrane
6. Movement Cellular constituents move by diffusion, pumps, and motors
7. Signalling Mechanism to receive, adapt
and respond to intracellular
and extracellular signals
Signals can be nutrients,
growth factors, hormones,
neurotransmitters, and toxins
8. Feedback Feedback control is the regulation of prior
steps in a pathway by downstream
products of that pathway
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
, Body Systems
Body system: Combination of tissues and organs that fulfill a specific function in the body
FLG 211 EXAM Carla Visagie 2021
