ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TEAS TEST
Skeletal System functions
Movement, protection and metabolism.
Bone Types
Long, short, flat and irregular.
Long bones
such as the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula, have hollow shaft containing
marrow.
Short bones
such as the toe bones and collarbone, are wider than they are long.
Irregular bones
Such as the skull, knee, and elbow, are non symmetrical.
Flat bones
such as the scapula, ribs, and sternum, contain marrow but are not hollow.
Synovial Joints
Such as the pivot, ball-ans-socket, and hinge, contain a lubricant and are usually
capable of movement.
Bone Cells
osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Immune system function
Prevents the entry of pathogens through the use of barriers, such as the skin and
secretions.
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
Adaptive immune system
identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogen
Innate immune system
A series of nonspecific barriers, is divided into external (E.g., skin, hair, mucus, and
earwax) and internal (e.g., antimicrobial, inflammation, interferon, and complement) to
reduce the number of pathogens that can enter the bodyor multiply.
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the
body. (Recognize the pathogen)
B cells
Multiply rapidly and produce antibodies.
Urinary system functions
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of
urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion
concentrations and pH
Major Organs of the Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Kidneys
, Filter blood, create urine, stabilize water balance, maintain blood pressure, and produce
the active form of vitamin D.
Ureters
Small tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder, where is is held until it is released
through the urethra.
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, (Males have a longer
one which passes through the penis and carries urine and sperm)
Endocrine System Function
Organs secrete hormones that regulate many patterns in the body into the circulatory
system.
Regulates blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain function, sleep cycle, salt-and-
water homeostasis, growth, sexual development, and response to stress or injury.
Endocrine System Major Glands
Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas,
and ovaries, and testes.
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature;
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus,
the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Integumentary System Functions
Organs and glands protect the body and regulate temperature, including skin, hair, and
nails.
Responsible for some excretion (e.g., Water and minerals, such as sodium, chloride,
and magnesium.)
Excretion
the process by which wastes are removed from the body
Thermoregulation
When the body is too warm, sweat is produced and released. When the body is too
cold, blood vessels constrict, reducing the amount of blood brought to the skin surface.
Vitamin D
The skin produces this when hit by ultraviolet light.
Respiratory System Functions
Transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells and move carbon dioxide in
the other direction.
Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood; Carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the
lungs, and the lungs move the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Alveoli
Tiny sacs in the lungs where oxygen ans carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Trachea
The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs.
Skeletal System functions
Movement, protection and metabolism.
Bone Types
Long, short, flat and irregular.
Long bones
such as the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula, have hollow shaft containing
marrow.
Short bones
such as the toe bones and collarbone, are wider than they are long.
Irregular bones
Such as the skull, knee, and elbow, are non symmetrical.
Flat bones
such as the scapula, ribs, and sternum, contain marrow but are not hollow.
Synovial Joints
Such as the pivot, ball-ans-socket, and hinge, contain a lubricant and are usually
capable of movement.
Bone Cells
osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Immune system function
Prevents the entry of pathogens through the use of barriers, such as the skin and
secretions.
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
Adaptive immune system
identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogen
Innate immune system
A series of nonspecific barriers, is divided into external (E.g., skin, hair, mucus, and
earwax) and internal (e.g., antimicrobial, inflammation, interferon, and complement) to
reduce the number of pathogens that can enter the bodyor multiply.
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the
body. (Recognize the pathogen)
B cells
Multiply rapidly and produce antibodies.
Urinary system functions
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of
urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion
concentrations and pH
Major Organs of the Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Kidneys
, Filter blood, create urine, stabilize water balance, maintain blood pressure, and produce
the active form of vitamin D.
Ureters
Small tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder, where is is held until it is released
through the urethra.
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, (Males have a longer
one which passes through the penis and carries urine and sperm)
Endocrine System Function
Organs secrete hormones that regulate many patterns in the body into the circulatory
system.
Regulates blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain function, sleep cycle, salt-and-
water homeostasis, growth, sexual development, and response to stress or injury.
Endocrine System Major Glands
Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas,
and ovaries, and testes.
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature;
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus,
the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Integumentary System Functions
Organs and glands protect the body and regulate temperature, including skin, hair, and
nails.
Responsible for some excretion (e.g., Water and minerals, such as sodium, chloride,
and magnesium.)
Excretion
the process by which wastes are removed from the body
Thermoregulation
When the body is too warm, sweat is produced and released. When the body is too
cold, blood vessels constrict, reducing the amount of blood brought to the skin surface.
Vitamin D
The skin produces this when hit by ultraviolet light.
Respiratory System Functions
Transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells and move carbon dioxide in
the other direction.
Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood; Carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the
lungs, and the lungs move the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Alveoli
Tiny sacs in the lungs where oxygen ans carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Trachea
The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs.
