Test Bank for Prescott's Microbiology 11th Edition by Joanne Willey, Kathleen Sandman & Dorothy Wood 9781260211887

Test Bank for Prescott's Microbiology 11th Edition by Joanne Willey, Kathleen Sandman & Dorothy Wood 9781260211887 Chapter 1-43 | Complete Guide A+. Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey) Chapter 1 The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology 1) Extant microorganisms are organisms from the fossil record that are no longer present on Earth today. Answer: FALSE Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms Bloom's/Accessibility: 2. Understand / Keyboard Navigation ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. Learning Outcome: 01.02a Propose a timeline of the origin and history of microbial life and integrate supporting evidence into it 2) All cellular organisms can be placed into one of three ________, which include the Bacteria, Archaea, and the Eukarya. Answer: domains Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms Bloom's/Accessibility: 2. Understand / Keyboard Navigation ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. Learning Outcome: 01.01b Explain Carl Woeses contributions in establishing the three-domain system for classifying cellular life 3) Archaea are cellular organisms that have unique cell membrane ________. Answer: lipids Topic: Archaea Bloom's/Accessibility: 1. Remember / Keyboard Navigation ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities. Learning Outcome: 01.01c Determine the type of microbe (e.g., bacterium ... Purchase document to see full attachment Contents Part One Introduction to Microbiology 1 The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Micro Focus:The Microbial Universe 1.1 Members of the Microbial World 1.2 Microbes Have Evolved and Diversified for Billions of Years 1.3 Microbiology Advanced as New Tools for Studying Microbes Were Developed 1.4 Microbiology Encompasses Many Subdisciplines 2 Microscopy Micro Focus:Anthrax Bioterrorism Attack 2.1 Lenses Create Images by Bending Light 2.2 There Are Several Types of Light Microscopes 2.3 Staining Specimens Helps to Visualize and Identify Microbes 2.4 Electron Microscopes Use Beams of Electrons to Create Highly Magnified Images 2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy Can Visualize Molecules and Atoms 3 Bacterial Cell Structure Micro Focus:Hooking Up 3.1 Use of the Term “Prokaryote” Is Controversial 3.2 Bacteria Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features 3.3 Bacterial Plasma Membranes Control What Enters and Leaves the Cell 3.4 There Are Two Main Types of Bacterial Cell Walls Microbial Diversity & Ecology 3.1 Gram Positive and Gram Negative or Monoderms and Diderms? 3.5 The Cell Envelope Often Includes Layers Outside the Cell Wall 3.6 The Bacterial Cytoplasm Is More Complex than Once Thought 3.7 Many Bacteria Have External Structures Used for Attachment and Motility 3.8 Bacteria Move in Response to Environmental Conditions 3.9 Bacterial Endospores Are a Survival Strategy 4 Archaeal Cell Structure Micro Focus:Cows and Buffaloes and Sheep, Oh My! 4.1 Archaea Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features 4.2 Archaeal Cell Envelopes Are Structurally Diverse 4.3 Archaeal Cytoplasm Is Similar to Bacterial Cytoplasm 4.4 Many Archaea Have External Structures Used for Attachment and Motility 5 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Micro Focus:Red Means Dead 5.1 Eukaryotic Cells Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features 5.2 Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes 5.3 The Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains a Cytoskeleton and Organelles 5.4 Several Organelles Function in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways 5.5 The Nucleus and Ribosomes Are Involved in Genetic Control of the Cell 5.6 Mitochondria, Related Organelles, and Chloroplasts Are Involved in Energy Conservation Microbial Diversity & Ecology 5.1 There Was an Old Woman Who Swallowed a Fly 5.7 Many Eukaryotic Microbes Have External Structures Used for Motility 5.8 Comparison of Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Cells 6 Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents Micro Focus:Mustard, Ketchup, and Viruses? 6.1 Viruses Are Acellular 6.2 Virion Structure Is Defined by Capsid Symmetry and Presence or Absence of an Envelope 6.3 Viral Life Cycles Have Five Steps 6.4 There Are Several Types of Viral Infections 6.5 Cultivation and Enumeration of Viruses 6.6 Viroids and Satellites: Nucleic Acid-Based Subviral Agents 6.7 Prions Are Composed Only of Protein Part Two Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control 7 Bacterial and Archaeal Growth Micro Focus:How Low Can You Go? 7.1 Most Bacteria and Archaea Reproduce by Binary Fission 7.2 Bacterial Cell Cycles Can Be Divided into Three Phases 7.3 Archaeal Cell Cycles Are Unique 7.4 Growth Curves Consist of Five Phases 7.5 Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth 7.6 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments 7.7 Laboratory Culture of Cellular Microbes Requires Media and Conditions That Mimic the Normal Habitat of a Microbe 7.8 Microbial Population Size Can Be Measured Directly or Indirectly 7.9 Chemostats and Turbidostats Are Used for Continuous Culture of Microorganisms 8 Control of Microorganisms in the Environment Micro Focus:Keeping Infection at Bay 8.1 Microbial Growth and Replication: Targets for Control 8.2 The Pattern of Microbial Death Mirrors the Pattern of Microbial Growth 8.3 Mechanical Removal Methods Rely on Barriers Microbial Diversity & Ecology 8.1 The Cleanest Place on Earth? 8.4 Physical Control Methods Alter Microorganisms to Make Them Nonviable 8.5 Microorganisms Are Controlled with Chemical Agents 8.6 Antimicrobial Agents Must Be Evaluated for Effectiveness 8.7 Microorganisms Can Be Controlled by Biological Methods 9 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Micro Focus:The Story of Syphilis Treatment 9.1 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Evolved from Antisepsis Efforts 9.2 Antimicrobial Drugs Have Selective Toxicity 9.3 Antimicrobial Activity Can Be Measured by Specific Tests 9.4 Antibacterial Drugs 9.5 Antiviral Drugs 9.6 Antifungal Drugs 9.7 Antiprotozoan Drugs 9.8 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Is a Public Health Threat Part Three Microbial Metabolism 10 Introduction to Metabolism Micro Focus:Flushed Away 10.1 Metabolism: Important Principles and Concepts 10.2 ATP: The Major Energy Currency of Cells 10.3 Redox Reactions: Reactions of Central Importance in Metabolism 10.4 Electron Transport Chains: Sets of Sequential Redox Reactions 10.5 Biochemical Pathways: Sets of Linked Chemical Reactions 10.6 Enzymes and Ribozymes Speed Up Cellular Chemical Reactions 10.7 Metabolism Must Be Regulated to Maintain Homeostasis 11 Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation Micro Focus:The Richest Hill on Earth 11.1 Metabolic Diversity and Nutritional Types 11.2 There Are Three Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes 11.3 Aerobic Respiration Can Be Divided into Three Steps 11.4 Glucose to Pyruvate: The First Step 11.5 Pyruvate to Carbon Dioxide (Step 2) Is Accomplished by the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 11.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Step 3) Generate the Most ATP 11.7 Anaerobic Respiration Uses the Same Three Steps as Aerobic Respiration 11.8 Fermentation Does Not Involve an Electron Transport Chain 11.9 Catabolism of Organic Molecules Other Than Glucose 11.10 Chemolithotrophy: “Eating Rocks” 11.11 Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation 11.12 Phototrophy 12 Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis Micro Focus:Building Penicillin 12.1 Principles Governing Biosynthesis 12.2 Precursor Metabolites: Starting Molecules for Biosynthesis 12.3 CO2 Fixation: Reduction and Assimilation of CO2 Carbon 12.4 Synthesis of Carbohydrates 12.5 Synthesis of Amino Acids Consumes Many Precursor Metabolites 12.6 Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides 12.7 Lipid Synthesis Part Four  Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics 13 Bacterial Genome Replication and Expression Micro Focus:Making Code 13.1 Experiments Using Bacteria and Viruses Demonstrated that DNA Is the Genetic Material 13.2 Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure 13.3 DNA Replication in Bacteria 13.4 Bacterial Genes Consist of Coding Regions and Other Sequences Important for Gene Function 13.5 Transcription in Bacteria 13.6 The Genetic Code Consists of Three-Letter “Words” 13.7 Translation in Bacteria 13.8 Protein Maturation and Secretion 14 Regulation of Bacterial Cellular Processes Micro Focus:Light Show 14.1 Bacteria Use Many Regulatory Options 14.2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation Saves Considerable Energy and Materials 14.3 Attenuation and Riboswitches Stop Transcription Prematurely 14.4 Riboswitches and Small RNAs Control Translation 14.5 Mechanisms Used for Global Regulation 14.6 Bacteria Combine Several Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Complex Cellular Processes 15 Eukaryotic and Archaeal Genome Replication and Expression Micro Focus:Plastics: Brought to You by Microbes 15.1 Why Consider Eukaryotic and Archaeal Genetics Together? 15.2 DNA Replication: Similar Overall, but with Different Replisome Proteins 15.3 Transcription 15.4 Translation and Protein Maturation and Localization 15.5 Regulation of Cellular Processes 16 Mechanisms of Genetic Variation Micro Focus:Manure Happens 16.1 Mutations: Heritable Changes in a Genome 16.2 Detection and Isolation of Mutants 16.3 DNA Repair Maintains Genome Stability 16.4 Microbes Use Mechanisms Other than Mutation to Create Genetic Variability 16.5 Transposable Elements Move Genes Within and Between DNA Molecules 16.6 Bacterial Conjugation Requires Cell-Cell Contact 16.7 Bacterial Transformation Is the Uptake of Free DNA from the Environment 16.8 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated DNA Transfer 16.9 Evolution in Action: The Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 17 Microbial DNA Technologies Micro Focus:Spinning Stronger Silk 17.1 Key Discoveries Led to the Development of DNA Cloning Technology Techniques & Applications 17.1 Gel Electrophoresis Techniques & Applications 17.2 How to Build a Microorganism 17.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Targeted DNA 17.3 Genomic Libraries: Cloning Genomes in Pieces 17.4 Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells 17.5 Cas9 Nuclease Is a Precise Tool for Genome Editing 18 Microbial Genomics Micro Focus:“Synthetic Life”: Oxymoron or the Future? 18.1 DNA Sequencing Methods 18.2 Genome Sequencing 18.3 Metagenomics Provides Access to Uncultured Microbes 18.4 Bioinformatics: What Does the Sequence Mean? 18.5 Functional Genomics Links Genes to Phenotype 18.6 Systems Biology: Making and Testing Complex Predictions 18.7 Comparative Genomics Part Five The Diversity of the Microbial World 19 Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity Micro Focus:Scientists Query: “Is the Microbial Universe Expanding?” 19.1 Microbial Taxonomy Is Based on the Comparison of Multiple Traits 19.2 Taxonomic Ranks Provide an Organizational Framework 19.3 Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny Are Largely Based on Molecular Characterization 19.4 Phylogenetic Trees Illustrate Evolutionary Relationships 19.5 Evolutionary Processes and the Concept of a Microbial Species Inspire Debate 19.6 Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria 20 Archaea Micro Focus:Methanogenic Archaea Fuel Domestic Energy Debate 20.1 Overview of Archaea 20.2 Proteoarchaeota, or TACK Superphylum 20.3 Phylum Euryarchaeota: Methanogens, Haloarchaea, and Others 21 Nonproteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria Micro Focus:Fuel From Food Waste 21.1 Aquificae and Thermotogae Are Ancient Bacterial Lineages 21.2 Deinococcus-Thermus Includes Radiation-Resistant Bacteria 21.3 Class Mollicutes, Phylum Tenericutes: Bacteria That Lack Cell Walls 21.4 Photosynthetic Bacteria Are Diverse 21.5 Superphylum Planctomycetes- Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae: Atypical Cell Division 21.6 Phylum Spirochaetes: Bacteria with a Corkscrew Morphology 21.7 Phylum Bacteroidetes Includes Important Gut Microbiota 21.8 Phylum Fusobacteria: Commensal Anaerobes 22 Proteobacteria Micro Focus:Bison and Brucellosis Spark Controversy 22.1 Class Alphaproteobacteria Includes Many Oligotrophs 22.2 Class Betaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophs and Chemolithotrophs Microbial Diversity & Ecology 22.1 Acid Mine Drainage 22.3 Class Gammaproteobacteria Is the Largest Bacterial Class 22.4 Class Deltaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophic Anaerobes and Predators 22.5 Class Epsilonproteobacteria Ranges from Pathogens to Deep-Sea Bacteria 23 Gram-Positive Bacteria Micro Focus:Antibiotic Production: Is It Actually Bacterial Chitchat? 23.1 Class Actinobacteria 23.2 Class Bacilli: Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria 23.3 Class Clostridia: Anaerobic Endospore- Forming Bacteria 23.4 Class Negativicutes: Gram-Positive Bacteria with Outer Membranes 24 Protists Micro Focus:Sustainable Farming Practiced by Amoebae 24.1 Protist Diversity Reflects Broad Phylogeny 24.2 Supergroup Excavata: Primitive Eukaryotes 24.3 Supergroup Amoebozoa Includes Protists with Pseudopodia 24.4 Supergroup SAR: Protists of Global Importance 24.5 Supergroup Archaeplastida Includes “Green Algae” 25 Fungi Micro Focus:The Complex Story of Caterpillar Fungus 25.1 Fungal Biology Reflects Vast Diversity 25.2 Chytridiomycetes Produce Motile Spores 25.3 Zygomycetes: Fungi with Coenocytic Hyphae 25.4 Glomeromycota Are Mycorrhizal Symbionts 25.5 Ascomycota Includes Yeasts and Molds 25.6 Basidiomycota Includes Mushrooms and Plant Pathogens Disease 25.1 White-Nose Syndrome Is Decimating North American Bat Populations 25.7 Microsporidia Are Intracellular Parasites 26 Viruses Micro Focus:Disrupting the Viral Life Cycle 26.1 Virus Phylogeny Is Difficult to Establish 26.2 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Infect All Cell Types 26.3 Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles 26.4 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA 26.5 Plus-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes That Can Be Translated upon Entry 26.6 Minus-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA- Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of the Virion 26.7 Retroviruses: Plus-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles 26.8 Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses Part Six Ecology and Symbiosis 27 Microbial Interactions Micro Focus:Microbes in Community 27.1 Many Types of Microbial Interactions Exist 27.2 Mutualism and Cooperation Are Two-Way Interactions Microbial Diversity & Ecology 27.1 Wolbachia pipientis: The World’s Most Infectious Microbe? 27.3 Commensalism and Amensalism Are One-Way Interactions 27.4 Antagonistic Interactions Characterize Predation, Parasitism, and Competition 28 Biogeochemical Cycling and Global Climate Change Micro Focus:Global Climate Change; Global Infectious Disease Change? 28.1 Biogeochemical Cycling Sustains Life on Earth 28.2 Global Climate Change: Biogeochemical Cycling Out of Balance 29 Methods in Microbial Ecology Micro Focus:Scientists Search for Intraterrestrial Life—and Find It 29.1 Microbial Biology Relies on Cultures 29.2 Genetic Methods Are Used to Assess Microbial Diversity 29.3 Assessment of Microbial Community Activity Relies on Biochemistry and Genetics 30 Microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems Micro Focus:Ocean Death Coming Soon to a Coast Near You 30.1 Water Is the Largest Microbial Habitat 30.2 Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems 30.3 Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystems 31 Microorganisms in Terrestrial Ecosystems Micro Focus:Bread for a Hungry World 31.1 Soils Are an Important Microbial Habitat 31.2 Diverse Microorganisms Inhabit Soil 31.3 Microbe-Plant Interactions Can Be Positive, Negative, or Neutral 31.4 The Subsurface Biosphere Is Vast Part Seven Pathogenicity and Host Response 32 Innate Host Resistance Micro Focus:Supersize Me! 32.1 Immunity Arises from Innate Resistance and Adaptive Defenses 32.2 Innate Resistance Starts with Barriers 32.3 Innate Resistance Relies on Chemical Mediators 32.4 Each Type of Innate Immune Cell Has a Specific Function 32.5 Organs and Tissues of the Immune System Are Sites of Host Defense 32.6 Phagocytosis Destroys Invaders 32.7 Inflammation Unites All Components of Immunity 33 Adaptive Immunity Micro Focus:Killing Cancer, Immunologically 33.1 Adaptive Immunity Relies on Recognition and Memory 33.2 Antigens Elicit Immunity 33.3 Adaptive Immunity Can Be Earned or Borrowed 33.4 Recognition of Foreignness Is Critical for a Strong Defense 33.5 T Cells Are Critical for Immune Function 33.6 B Cells Make Antibodies 33.7 Antibodies Bind Specific 3-D Antigens Techniques & Applications 33.1 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy 33.8 Antibodies Doom Antigens 33.9 Immune Tolerance Is a Must 33.10 The Immune System Can Malfunction 34 The Microbe-Human Ecosystem Micro Focus:Embrace Your Gut Flora 34.1 Humans Are Holobionts 34.2 The Microbiome Develops from Birth to Adulthood 34.3 A Functional Core Microbiome Is Required for Human Homeostasis 34.4 Many Diseases Have a Connection with Dysbiosis 34.5 Microbiome Manipulation Can Be Therapeutic 35 Infection and Pathogenicity Micro Focus:Dodging the Bullet 35.1 The Process of Infection 35.2 Transmission and Entry into the Host Historical Highlights 35.1 The First Indications of Person-to-Person Spread of an Infectious Disease 35.3 Surviving the Host Defenses 35.4 Damage to the Host Part Eight  Microbial Diseases, Detection, and Their Control 36 Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology Micro Focus:Practice What You Preach 36.1 Epidemiology Is an Evidence-Based Science Historical Highlights 36.1 The History of Public Health in the United States Historical Highlights 36.2 John Snow, the First Epidemiologist 36.2 Epidemiology Is Rooted in Well-Tested Methods 36.3 Infectious Disease Is Revealed Through Patterns Within a Population Historical Highlights 36.3 “Typhoid Mary” 36.4 Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Are Emerging and Reemerging 36.5 Healthcare Facilities Harbor Infectious Agents 36.6 Coordinated Efforts Are Required to Prevent and Control Epidemics Historical Highlights 36.4 The First Immunizations 36.7 Bioterrorism Readiness Is an Integral Component of Public Health Microbiology Historical Highlights 36.5 1346—Early Biological Warfare Attack 37 Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Micro Focus:Ebola and Global Health Security 37.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Detects Infectious Agents and Protects Its Workers 37.2 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens 37.3 Immune Responses Can Be Exploited to Detect Infections 38 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions Micro Focus:Remembering HIV/AIDS 38.1 Viruses Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes 38.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Viral Diseases 38.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Viruses 38.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Viral Diseases Historical Highlights 38.1 A Brief History of Polio 38.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions 38.6 Prion Proteins Transmit Disease 39 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria Micro Focus:The Plague Family Tree 39.1 Bacteria Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes 39.2 Arthropods Can Transmit Bacterial Diseases 39.3 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria Disease 39.1 Syphilis and the Tuskegee Study Disease 39.2 Biofilms 39.4 Food and Water Are Vehicles for Bacterial Diseases Techniques & Applications 39.3 Clostridial Toxins as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits of Nature’s Most Toxic Proteins 39.5 Zoonotic Diseases Arise from Human-Animal Interactions 39.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Bacteria 40 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protists Micro Focus:Mushrooms of Death 40.1 Relatively Few Fungi and Protists Are Human Pathogens 40.2 Fungi Can Be Transmitted by Airborne Routes 40.3 Arthropods Can Transmit Protozoal Disease Disease 40.1 A Brief History of Malaria 40.4 Direct Contact Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists 40.5 Food and Water Are Vehicles of Protozoal Diseases 40.6 Opportunistic Diseases Can Be Caused by Fungi and Protists Part Nine Applied Microbiology 41 Microbiology of Food Micro Focus:The Art, Science, and Genetics of Brewing Beer 41.1 Microbial Growth Can Cause Food Spoilage 41.2 Various Methods Are Used to Control Food Spoilage 41.3 Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks 41.4 Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens Requires Government-Industry Cooperation 41.5 Microbiology of Fermented Foods: Beer, Cheese, and Much More Techniques & Applications 41.1 Chocolate: The Sweet Side of Fermentation 42 Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology Micro Focus:Where Are the New Antibiotics? 42.1 Microbes Are the Source of Many Products of Industrial Importance 42.2 Biofuel Production Is a Dynamic Field 42.3 Growing Microbes in Industrial Settings Presents Challenges 42.4 Production Strains Maximize Output of Industrially Important Compounds 42.5 Agricultural Biotechnology Relies on a Plant Pathogen 42.6 Some Microbes Are Products 43 Applied Environmental Microbiology Micro Focus:Deepwater Horizon Oil Consumed by Microbes 43.1 Purification and Sanitary Analysis Ensure Safe Drinking Water 43.2 Wastewater Treatment Maintains Human and Environmental Health 43.3 Microbial Fuel Cells: Batteries Powered by Microbes 43.4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation Harness Microbes to Cl