SPHU 3600 EXAM 2 GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Gestational Age - ANSWER age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the
first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle
Fetal Age - ANSWER actual age of the baby, number of weeks since
conception
What are the three periods of the first trimester? - ANSWER Germinal,
Embryonic, Fetal
Weeks 1-2 - ANSWER Germinal Period
Germinal Period - ANSWER - zigote --> blastocyst
- from fertilization to implantation in the uterus
Weeks 3-8 - ANSWER Embryonic Period
Embryonic Period - ANSWER - blastocyst divides rapidly
- heart starts beating by week 5
- by end, all essential body structures are formed (ie. lung, liver, brain,
pancreas, etc)
Weeks 9-10 - ANSWER Fetal Period
Fetal Period - ANSWER - face is developing
- eyelids close
- fingernails and external genitalia developing
,When does the second trimester happen? - ANSWER weeks 11-25
First Part of 2nd Trimester - ANSWER - kidneys are formed and make urine
- digestive system
- translucent skin
- sucking reflex
Second Part of 2nd Semester - ANSWER - nervous system matures
- begins to hear sounds
- baby gaining fat
- external genitalia are visible, 2nd trimester ultrasound
When is the third trimester? - ANSWER 26-38 weeks
3rd Trimester: 26-31 weeks - ANSWER - bones hardening (except skull)
- breating
- kicking starts
- eyes open
3rd Trimester: 32-36 weeks - ANSWER - body fat increases
- skin becomes pink and smooth
- CNS developed, baby can survive outside the womb
- starts positioning in head-down position
3rd Trimester: 37-38 weeks - ANSWER - fat being added on body
- final lung development
, - full term at 38 weeks
Fetal Breathing - ANSWER practice diaphragm movements
Fetal Swallowing - ANSWER regulate amount of amniotic fluid
Thumb-sucking - ANSWER necessary for post-natal feeding and self soothing
Startle/Moro Reflex - ANSWER sudden movement/noise causes fetus to
reflexively fling out arms and legs
Yawning and Hip cupping - ANSWER signs of good health
Fetal Development - Genetic disorders - ANSWER - single gene (cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell, Tay-Sachs)
- chromosomal
- epigenetic
Fetal Development - Teratogenic disorders - ANSWER smoking, alcohol,
medications/drugs, environmental toxins
Effects of teratogens - ANSWER cleft lip, spina bifida, fetal alcohol syndrome
Teratogen - ANSWER any factor that can cause a birth defect
Maternal factors affecting fetal development - ANSWER - demographics
(age, height, weight, parity)
- health (diabetes, high blood pressure, infections)
- nutrition (lack of folic acid, iron, calcium, iodine, or other essential
nutrients)
- stress
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Gestational Age - ANSWER age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the
first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle
Fetal Age - ANSWER actual age of the baby, number of weeks since
conception
What are the three periods of the first trimester? - ANSWER Germinal,
Embryonic, Fetal
Weeks 1-2 - ANSWER Germinal Period
Germinal Period - ANSWER - zigote --> blastocyst
- from fertilization to implantation in the uterus
Weeks 3-8 - ANSWER Embryonic Period
Embryonic Period - ANSWER - blastocyst divides rapidly
- heart starts beating by week 5
- by end, all essential body structures are formed (ie. lung, liver, brain,
pancreas, etc)
Weeks 9-10 - ANSWER Fetal Period
Fetal Period - ANSWER - face is developing
- eyelids close
- fingernails and external genitalia developing
,When does the second trimester happen? - ANSWER weeks 11-25
First Part of 2nd Trimester - ANSWER - kidneys are formed and make urine
- digestive system
- translucent skin
- sucking reflex
Second Part of 2nd Semester - ANSWER - nervous system matures
- begins to hear sounds
- baby gaining fat
- external genitalia are visible, 2nd trimester ultrasound
When is the third trimester? - ANSWER 26-38 weeks
3rd Trimester: 26-31 weeks - ANSWER - bones hardening (except skull)
- breating
- kicking starts
- eyes open
3rd Trimester: 32-36 weeks - ANSWER - body fat increases
- skin becomes pink and smooth
- CNS developed, baby can survive outside the womb
- starts positioning in head-down position
3rd Trimester: 37-38 weeks - ANSWER - fat being added on body
- final lung development
, - full term at 38 weeks
Fetal Breathing - ANSWER practice diaphragm movements
Fetal Swallowing - ANSWER regulate amount of amniotic fluid
Thumb-sucking - ANSWER necessary for post-natal feeding and self soothing
Startle/Moro Reflex - ANSWER sudden movement/noise causes fetus to
reflexively fling out arms and legs
Yawning and Hip cupping - ANSWER signs of good health
Fetal Development - Genetic disorders - ANSWER - single gene (cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell, Tay-Sachs)
- chromosomal
- epigenetic
Fetal Development - Teratogenic disorders - ANSWER smoking, alcohol,
medications/drugs, environmental toxins
Effects of teratogens - ANSWER cleft lip, spina bifida, fetal alcohol syndrome
Teratogen - ANSWER any factor that can cause a birth defect
Maternal factors affecting fetal development - ANSWER - demographics
(age, height, weight, parity)
- health (diabetes, high blood pressure, infections)
- nutrition (lack of folic acid, iron, calcium, iodine, or other essential
nutrients)
- stress
