NUR 2063: Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide
Physiological response to fight or flight, assessment findings? - ANSWER:HR, BP, and respirations
increase, pupils dilate, cortisol is released.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER:Equilibrium and balance within the body.
Function of ribosomes? - ANSWER:Protein synthesis on the RER, form polysomes.
Difference between a sign and symptom? - ANSWER:Sign = Objective
Symptom = Subjective
What electrolytes are found more in intracellular space? Extracellular space? - ANSWER:ICF = Potassium
and Phosphate
ECF = Sodium and Chloride
Possible lethal effect of Hyponatremia? - ANSWER:Rapid brain swelling leading to seizures, coma or
death.
What is an electrolyte pool? - ANSWER:Electrolytes shift between ECF and pools in response to
need/excess.
Cause of edema regarding protein? - ANSWER:Low protein levels allow salt and water to leave the blood
vessels and leak into the tissues.
What is anaphylaxis? What are the S/S? - ANSWER:Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.
S/S - Skin reactions, swollen tongue or throat, airway constriction causing wheezing and rapid pulse,
vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, low BP, dizziness, nausea, and itching.
What is passive immunity? - ANSWER:IgG - short term immunity as the result of introduction to
antibodies from another person or animal such as with breast milk. Also, can cross placenta to protect
fetus from infection.
What are characteristics of metastatic cells? - ANSWER:Grow and reproduce rapidly, poorly
differentiated and irregular in shape, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins and
morphology.
What is sepsis? Goal of treatment? - ANSWER:The body's extreme response to an infection where
chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight them infection, triggering inflammation of the
blood throughout the body.
Goal of treatment is to use IV antibiotics and fluids to treat originating infection, use supportive
measures to correct vitals abnormalities, and maintain organ system function.
Best way to prevent spread of diseases? - ANSWER:Proper hand washing.
, Complication of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER:Muscle or tissue damage or loss, amputation,
infection, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - ANSWER:Exact cause is unknown, thought to be caused by genetic
vulnerability and environmental triggers.
Cause of contact dermatitis? - ANSWER:Direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance.
Identify Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis. - ANSWER:Kyphosis - Hump at top of the back (hunchback)
Lordosis - Con-caved lumbar spine (swayback)
Scoliosis - Lateral deviation of the spine
What is osteoporosis? - ANSWER:Progressive loss of bone calcium that leaves the bones brittle.
What is intussesception? - ANSWER:Mechanical bowel obstruction caused by the intestine telescoping
into itself.
H. Pylori - What is it and what does it cause? - ANSWER:Helicobacter pylori, gram-negative,
microaerophilic, spiral bacterium usually found in the stomach. Causes peptic ulcers.
S/S of appendicitis. - ANSWER:Pain near umbilicus, moving to the LRQ, aggravated by movement.
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, bowel pattern changes, fever, chills, tachycardia,
hypotension, abdominal rigidity.
S/S of Liver Disease. - ANSWER:Commonly asymptomatic. Can include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea,
and RUQ discomfort. May develop Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis may
develop.
Cause of hepatic encephalopathy. - ANSWER:The decline in brain function resulting from severe liver
disease. The liver can't adequately remove toxins from the blood causing a buildup, leading to brain
damage.
What causes esophageal varices? - ANSWER:Abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus cause when
blood flow to the liver is blocked.
What causes jaundice? - ANSWER:Excess of serum bilirubin in the blood > 2.5mg/dL
HPV puts the patient at risk for what? - ANSWER:Cervical cancers
What hormone do the kidneys secrete that influence blood production? - ANSWER:Erythropoietin
What is cystitis? What bacteria causes cystitis? - ANSWER:Bladder infection. Caused by E. Coli
What is oliguria? - ANSWER:Production and output of abnormally small amounts of urine.
What does CVA tenderness indicate? - ANSWER:Costovertebral angle tenderness indicates kidney
pathology.
What causes stress incontinence? - ANSWER:Physical movement or activity that puts pressure on the
bladder such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting.
Physiological response to fight or flight, assessment findings? - ANSWER:HR, BP, and respirations
increase, pupils dilate, cortisol is released.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER:Equilibrium and balance within the body.
Function of ribosomes? - ANSWER:Protein synthesis on the RER, form polysomes.
Difference between a sign and symptom? - ANSWER:Sign = Objective
Symptom = Subjective
What electrolytes are found more in intracellular space? Extracellular space? - ANSWER:ICF = Potassium
and Phosphate
ECF = Sodium and Chloride
Possible lethal effect of Hyponatremia? - ANSWER:Rapid brain swelling leading to seizures, coma or
death.
What is an electrolyte pool? - ANSWER:Electrolytes shift between ECF and pools in response to
need/excess.
Cause of edema regarding protein? - ANSWER:Low protein levels allow salt and water to leave the blood
vessels and leak into the tissues.
What is anaphylaxis? What are the S/S? - ANSWER:Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.
S/S - Skin reactions, swollen tongue or throat, airway constriction causing wheezing and rapid pulse,
vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, low BP, dizziness, nausea, and itching.
What is passive immunity? - ANSWER:IgG - short term immunity as the result of introduction to
antibodies from another person or animal such as with breast milk. Also, can cross placenta to protect
fetus from infection.
What are characteristics of metastatic cells? - ANSWER:Grow and reproduce rapidly, poorly
differentiated and irregular in shape, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins and
morphology.
What is sepsis? Goal of treatment? - ANSWER:The body's extreme response to an infection where
chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight them infection, triggering inflammation of the
blood throughout the body.
Goal of treatment is to use IV antibiotics and fluids to treat originating infection, use supportive
measures to correct vitals abnormalities, and maintain organ system function.
Best way to prevent spread of diseases? - ANSWER:Proper hand washing.
, Complication of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER:Muscle or tissue damage or loss, amputation,
infection, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - ANSWER:Exact cause is unknown, thought to be caused by genetic
vulnerability and environmental triggers.
Cause of contact dermatitis? - ANSWER:Direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance.
Identify Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis. - ANSWER:Kyphosis - Hump at top of the back (hunchback)
Lordosis - Con-caved lumbar spine (swayback)
Scoliosis - Lateral deviation of the spine
What is osteoporosis? - ANSWER:Progressive loss of bone calcium that leaves the bones brittle.
What is intussesception? - ANSWER:Mechanical bowel obstruction caused by the intestine telescoping
into itself.
H. Pylori - What is it and what does it cause? - ANSWER:Helicobacter pylori, gram-negative,
microaerophilic, spiral bacterium usually found in the stomach. Causes peptic ulcers.
S/S of appendicitis. - ANSWER:Pain near umbilicus, moving to the LRQ, aggravated by movement.
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, bowel pattern changes, fever, chills, tachycardia,
hypotension, abdominal rigidity.
S/S of Liver Disease. - ANSWER:Commonly asymptomatic. Can include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea,
and RUQ discomfort. May develop Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis may
develop.
Cause of hepatic encephalopathy. - ANSWER:The decline in brain function resulting from severe liver
disease. The liver can't adequately remove toxins from the blood causing a buildup, leading to brain
damage.
What causes esophageal varices? - ANSWER:Abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus cause when
blood flow to the liver is blocked.
What causes jaundice? - ANSWER:Excess of serum bilirubin in the blood > 2.5mg/dL
HPV puts the patient at risk for what? - ANSWER:Cervical cancers
What hormone do the kidneys secrete that influence blood production? - ANSWER:Erythropoietin
What is cystitis? What bacteria causes cystitis? - ANSWER:Bladder infection. Caused by E. Coli
What is oliguria? - ANSWER:Production and output of abnormally small amounts of urine.
What does CVA tenderness indicate? - ANSWER:Costovertebral angle tenderness indicates kidney
pathology.
What causes stress incontinence? - ANSWER:Physical movement or activity that puts pressure on the
bladder such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting.
