©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/2024 1:31PM
SOCY 275 Exam Bank Questions With
Revised Answers
Hirschi's Control Theory - answers✔✔We are all prone to engage in crime so we must figure
out why people don't all engage in crime, emphasis on the lack of barriers
The social bonds of control theory - answers✔✔Attachment, commitment, involvement,
belief
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime - answers✔✔-Criminals have low self
control, which is an inability to delay gratification
*They seek short term rewards and ignore long-term consequences
-Teaching children self-control will decrease crime later in life
Issues with Hirschi's social bonds - answers✔✔the bond doesn't;t predict your chances of
engaging in deviance, not very goof at explaining the impact of peers, you can have two sets
of beliefs (deviant and moral)
Characteristics of low self control - answers✔✔impulsiveness, risk taking, physical, short
sighted, insensitive, low frustration tolerance
Effective child rearing - answers✔✔Monitor, recognize, punish
Containment theory - answers✔✔The individual experiences feelings of inferiority, this
causes inner pressures and if they are uncontrolled this leads to deviance
Direct Inner Control - answers✔✔The ability to feel guilt and shame and not to respond to
this with effective neutralizers
Indirect inner control - answers✔✔Based on the individuals interest in maintaining a stake in
conformity
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/2024 1:31PM
Factors that make deviance more likely unless contained by controls - answers✔✔poverty,
relative deprivation, adversity, insecurity, etc
Direct outer control - answers✔✔External to the individual and carry with them the threat of
sanctions
Indirect outer controls - answers✔✔control derives from the need to maintain role
relationships
Felson and Cohen's three elements of increased crime - answers✔✔motivated offenders,
suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians
Low-self control theory assumptions - answers✔✔1. Crime is assumed to provide more
immediate gratification than noncriminal behaviour 2. crime provides easy paths to
gratification 3. crime is thrilling 4. crime provides few long-term benefits 5. most crimes
require little skill or planning
Control Balance Theory - answers✔✔Argues that the desire to avoid being controlled is the
major compelling force for human motivation
Control Balance desirability - answers✔✔Certain acts will have high control balance
desirability, some will have low
Direct/indirect involvement - answers✔✔Direct is low control balance desirability and
indirect is high
Control balance deficits - answers✔✔If you have low control balance you are passive and are
of greater risk for victimization
Control balance surpluses - answers✔✔Very confident people, at less of a risk
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/2024 1:31PM
structural constraints - answers✔✔Limitations on peoples behavioural options (if you're
married you can't go out as much)
Routine activities and lifestyle exposure - answers✔✔Age, gender, marital status, family
income and race
3 key factors to explain offending - answers✔✔1. Situational motivation 2. Availability of
peers 3. Absence of authority figures
Social disorganization theory - answers✔✔a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities
with weak social ties and the absence of social control
Why crime rates are higher in some areas - answers✔✔1. poverty 2. mobile population 3.
population heterogeneity (cultural disorganization and structural disorganization)
Types of cultural disorganization - answers✔✔Diverse subcultures (everybody has
conventional values but they can't communicate this to each other), obsolete subcultures (not
transferable), unstable community (undermines the ability to create a common culture),
irrelevant societal culture
Types of structural disorganization - answers✔✔insufficient resources, no intermediate
structures, isolate of institutions
The Ecology of Crime - answers✔✔Density (increase exposure to deviant peers and moral
cynicism), poverty, mixed use (residential, commercial, and industrial) transience (decreases
community supervision) dilapidation, stigmatization, demoralization
Hagan: Capital disinvestment - answers✔✔social and cultural capital
Different types of labour market - answers✔✔primary: where all the good jobs are,
secondary: don't require much skill or training
The process of capital disinvestment - answers✔✔residential segregation, racial inequality,
concentration of poverty, recapitalization, deviant derive sector
21/11/2024 1:31PM
SOCY 275 Exam Bank Questions With
Revised Answers
Hirschi's Control Theory - answers✔✔We are all prone to engage in crime so we must figure
out why people don't all engage in crime, emphasis on the lack of barriers
The social bonds of control theory - answers✔✔Attachment, commitment, involvement,
belief
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime - answers✔✔-Criminals have low self
control, which is an inability to delay gratification
*They seek short term rewards and ignore long-term consequences
-Teaching children self-control will decrease crime later in life
Issues with Hirschi's social bonds - answers✔✔the bond doesn't;t predict your chances of
engaging in deviance, not very goof at explaining the impact of peers, you can have two sets
of beliefs (deviant and moral)
Characteristics of low self control - answers✔✔impulsiveness, risk taking, physical, short
sighted, insensitive, low frustration tolerance
Effective child rearing - answers✔✔Monitor, recognize, punish
Containment theory - answers✔✔The individual experiences feelings of inferiority, this
causes inner pressures and if they are uncontrolled this leads to deviance
Direct Inner Control - answers✔✔The ability to feel guilt and shame and not to respond to
this with effective neutralizers
Indirect inner control - answers✔✔Based on the individuals interest in maintaining a stake in
conformity
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/2024 1:31PM
Factors that make deviance more likely unless contained by controls - answers✔✔poverty,
relative deprivation, adversity, insecurity, etc
Direct outer control - answers✔✔External to the individual and carry with them the threat of
sanctions
Indirect outer controls - answers✔✔control derives from the need to maintain role
relationships
Felson and Cohen's three elements of increased crime - answers✔✔motivated offenders,
suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians
Low-self control theory assumptions - answers✔✔1. Crime is assumed to provide more
immediate gratification than noncriminal behaviour 2. crime provides easy paths to
gratification 3. crime is thrilling 4. crime provides few long-term benefits 5. most crimes
require little skill or planning
Control Balance Theory - answers✔✔Argues that the desire to avoid being controlled is the
major compelling force for human motivation
Control Balance desirability - answers✔✔Certain acts will have high control balance
desirability, some will have low
Direct/indirect involvement - answers✔✔Direct is low control balance desirability and
indirect is high
Control balance deficits - answers✔✔If you have low control balance you are passive and are
of greater risk for victimization
Control balance surpluses - answers✔✔Very confident people, at less of a risk
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
21/11/2024 1:31PM
structural constraints - answers✔✔Limitations on peoples behavioural options (if you're
married you can't go out as much)
Routine activities and lifestyle exposure - answers✔✔Age, gender, marital status, family
income and race
3 key factors to explain offending - answers✔✔1. Situational motivation 2. Availability of
peers 3. Absence of authority figures
Social disorganization theory - answers✔✔a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities
with weak social ties and the absence of social control
Why crime rates are higher in some areas - answers✔✔1. poverty 2. mobile population 3.
population heterogeneity (cultural disorganization and structural disorganization)
Types of cultural disorganization - answers✔✔Diverse subcultures (everybody has
conventional values but they can't communicate this to each other), obsolete subcultures (not
transferable), unstable community (undermines the ability to create a common culture),
irrelevant societal culture
Types of structural disorganization - answers✔✔insufficient resources, no intermediate
structures, isolate of institutions
The Ecology of Crime - answers✔✔Density (increase exposure to deviant peers and moral
cynicism), poverty, mixed use (residential, commercial, and industrial) transience (decreases
community supervision) dilapidation, stigmatization, demoralization
Hagan: Capital disinvestment - answers✔✔social and cultural capital
Different types of labour market - answers✔✔primary: where all the good jobs are,
secondary: don't require much skill or training
The process of capital disinvestment - answers✔✔residential segregation, racial inequality,
concentration of poverty, recapitalization, deviant derive sector
