Lecture'1'
• State%and%explain%the%seven%characteristics%of%living%organisms'
o Cellular%composition'
§ Cell%carries%out%all%functions%of%life'
• Living%organisms%composed%of%one%cell%(bacteria)'
• Living%organisms%composed%of%more%than%one%cell'
o Metabolism'
§ Refers%to%chemical%reactions%that%breakdown%large%
macromolecules%à%catabolism'
§ Refers%to%chemical%reactions%that%build%up%more%complex%
macromolecules%à%anabolism'
o Growth'
§ Results%when%more%anabolism%takes%place%than%catabolism'
§ Number%of%cells%increase%in%organism'
§ Size%of%individual%cells%increase%(adipocytes%=%fat%cells)'
o Excretion'
§ Result%form%metabolic%reactions'
§ Accumulation%of%waste%products%from%metabolic%reactions%can%
be%harmful%to%the%body'
§ Body%has%ways%of%eliminating%waste'
o Responsiveness'
§ Ability%to%react%to%our%environment'
§ Stimuli%are%delivered%to%central%nervous%system%(CNS)%and%
appropriate%response%occurs'
o Movement'
o Reproduction'
§ Will%occur%by%individual%cells%(by%cell%division:%one%cell%divides%
into%two%cells)'
§ Organism%can%reproduce%as%well%to%produce%offspring'
• Understand%and%define%the%structural%organization%of%the%human%body'
o Chemical'
§ From%atoms%to%molecules'
o Cellular%level'
§ Molecules%combine%to%form%cells%and%specific%cellular%structures'
o Tissue'
§ Consists%of%groups%of%similar%cells'
§ Also%find%extracellular%matrix%(will'be'discussed'later)'
o Organ'
§ Composed%of%two%or%more%tissue%types'
§ Has%a%recognizable%shape%(examples:%heart,%lungs,%pancreas,%
large%intestine)'
o Organ%system'
, § Made%of%two%or%more%organs%that%carry%out%a%broader%function%
in%the%body%(example:%digestive%system,%immune%system)'
o Organism'
§ Organ%systems%function%together%to%allow%for%fully%functional%
human'
• Define%homeostasis'
o Process%that%results%in%stable%environment;%ability%to%adjust%back%to%
normal%conditions'
• State%the%four%core%principles%of%anatomy%and%physiology'
o State%the%importance%of%positive%and%negative%feedback%loops%
§ Helps%the%body%maintain%a%state%of%homeostasis%
o Describe%how%a%negative%feedback%loop%works%
§ Works%by%bringing%a%regulated%variable%back%to%its%normal%
range/value%
§ Consists%of%the%following%components%
• Stimulus'
o When%regulated%variable%moves%away%from%its%
normal%range'
• Receptor/sensor'
o Recognizes%the%change%in%regulated%variable'
• Control%center'
o Receives%information%from%receptor/sensor'
o Control%center%is%the%brain%or%endocrine%organ%
(gland)'
• Effectors'
o Receives%information%from%control%center'
• Response(s)'
o Caused%by%effector'
§ When%variable%returns%to%normal:%
• the%control%center%(brain%or%endocrine%organ%(gland)%
stops%stimulating%effector%
• effectors%return%to%normal%levels%
o Describe%how%a%positive%feedback%loop%works'
§ Consists%of%the%same%components%found%in%negative%feedback%
loop'
• Stimulus'
• Receptor/sensor'
• Control%center'
• Effectors'
• Response(s)'
§ Difference%between%negative%and%positive%feedback%loop%is%the'
activity'of'the'effector'increases'in'response'to'stimulus'
• State%and%explain%the%seven%characteristics%of%living%organisms'
o Cellular%composition'
§ Cell%carries%out%all%functions%of%life'
• Living%organisms%composed%of%one%cell%(bacteria)'
• Living%organisms%composed%of%more%than%one%cell'
o Metabolism'
§ Refers%to%chemical%reactions%that%breakdown%large%
macromolecules%à%catabolism'
§ Refers%to%chemical%reactions%that%build%up%more%complex%
macromolecules%à%anabolism'
o Growth'
§ Results%when%more%anabolism%takes%place%than%catabolism'
§ Number%of%cells%increase%in%organism'
§ Size%of%individual%cells%increase%(adipocytes%=%fat%cells)'
o Excretion'
§ Result%form%metabolic%reactions'
§ Accumulation%of%waste%products%from%metabolic%reactions%can%
be%harmful%to%the%body'
§ Body%has%ways%of%eliminating%waste'
o Responsiveness'
§ Ability%to%react%to%our%environment'
§ Stimuli%are%delivered%to%central%nervous%system%(CNS)%and%
appropriate%response%occurs'
o Movement'
o Reproduction'
§ Will%occur%by%individual%cells%(by%cell%division:%one%cell%divides%
into%two%cells)'
§ Organism%can%reproduce%as%well%to%produce%offspring'
• Understand%and%define%the%structural%organization%of%the%human%body'
o Chemical'
§ From%atoms%to%molecules'
o Cellular%level'
§ Molecules%combine%to%form%cells%and%specific%cellular%structures'
o Tissue'
§ Consists%of%groups%of%similar%cells'
§ Also%find%extracellular%matrix%(will'be'discussed'later)'
o Organ'
§ Composed%of%two%or%more%tissue%types'
§ Has%a%recognizable%shape%(examples:%heart,%lungs,%pancreas,%
large%intestine)'
o Organ%system'
, § Made%of%two%or%more%organs%that%carry%out%a%broader%function%
in%the%body%(example:%digestive%system,%immune%system)'
o Organism'
§ Organ%systems%function%together%to%allow%for%fully%functional%
human'
• Define%homeostasis'
o Process%that%results%in%stable%environment;%ability%to%adjust%back%to%
normal%conditions'
• State%the%four%core%principles%of%anatomy%and%physiology'
o State%the%importance%of%positive%and%negative%feedback%loops%
§ Helps%the%body%maintain%a%state%of%homeostasis%
o Describe%how%a%negative%feedback%loop%works%
§ Works%by%bringing%a%regulated%variable%back%to%its%normal%
range/value%
§ Consists%of%the%following%components%
• Stimulus'
o When%regulated%variable%moves%away%from%its%
normal%range'
• Receptor/sensor'
o Recognizes%the%change%in%regulated%variable'
• Control%center'
o Receives%information%from%receptor/sensor'
o Control%center%is%the%brain%or%endocrine%organ%
(gland)'
• Effectors'
o Receives%information%from%control%center'
• Response(s)'
o Caused%by%effector'
§ When%variable%returns%to%normal:%
• the%control%center%(brain%or%endocrine%organ%(gland)%
stops%stimulating%effector%
• effectors%return%to%normal%levels%
o Describe%how%a%positive%feedback%loop%works'
§ Consists%of%the%same%components%found%in%negative%feedback%
loop'
• Stimulus'
• Receptor/sensor'
• Control%center'
• Effectors'
• Response(s)'
§ Difference%between%negative%and%positive%feedback%loop%is%the'
activity'of'the'effector'increases'in'response'to'stimulus'
