PCC Exam 1 Blueprint Questions and Answers

PCC Exam 1 Blueprint Questions and Answers Describe the educational requirements for current nursing practice. Graduate from an accredited nursing program and pass the NCLEX-RN. Five levels of education for entry into practice: Diploma: Hospital-based programs, modeled after the Nightingale Schools of Nursing apprenticeship style of learning. The typical program lasts 3 years and focuses on clinical experience in direct client care. Since the 1960s, the number of diploma programs has steadily decreased to less than 10% of registered nursing programs. ADN: This type of program, conceptualized by Mildred Montag, emerged during the nursing shortage following World War II. Most associate degree (AD) programs are offered in community colleges. Although the nursing component typically lasts 2 years, students are required to take numerous other courses in liberal arts and the sciences. ADN nurses are prepared to provide direct client care. BSN: The course of study in pre-licensure Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs lasts at least 8 semesters. Graduates are prepared to assume administrative responsibilities, address complex clinical situations, oversee and provide direct client care, work in community care, apply research findings, and enter graduate education. The Institute of Medicine (2011) established a goal to increase the proportion of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to 80% by 2020. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) recognizes the baccalaureate degree as the minimum education for professional-level nursing practice (2019). However, the AACN acknowledges support of licensure at the ADN level. RN to BSN: Nurse who has an associate degree enrolls in a program of study that leads to a BSN degree. The length of time required to complete the BSN varies according to the program and the number of credits each student can transfer. Master's: Prepare RNs to function in a more independent and autonomo Define patient centered care and healthcare settings. Provide client-centered care: -Respect clients' differences, values, preferences, and expressed needs. -Relieve pain and suffering. -Coordinate continuous care. -Communicate and provide client education. -Focus on health promotion and illness prevention. Provide goal-directed, client-centered care: -Establish mutual goals with clients. -Show respect for client values, religious beliefs, needs, and preferences. -Implement interventions to promote client comfort, promote health, prevent illness, or transition to a peaceful death. -Provide client education to foster informed decisions and involvement in care and to facilitate postdischarge health. Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More List important nursing organizations. American Nurses Association (ANA) -National professional organization. -Originally, the ANA focused on establishing standards of nursing to promote high-quality care and work toward licensure as a means of ensuring adherence to the standards. The ANA continues to update its standards. Representatives are elected from the local branches of the state organizations to bring their concerns to the national level. As such, they track healthcare legislation, serve as liaisons with national government representatives to inform them of how current and proposed legislation will affect nursing, and develop and sponsor legislation that will have a positive effect on nursing and on client care. The ANA publishes educational materials on nursing news, issues, and standards. The official publication is The American Nurse. National League for Nursing (NLN) -Establishes and maintains a universal standard of education -Sets standards for all types of nursing education programs, studies the nursing workforce, lobbies and participates with other major healthcare organizations to set policy for the nursing workforce, aids faculty development, funds research on nursing education, and publishes the journal Nursing Education Perspectives. International Council of Nurses (ICN) -Federation of national nursing organizations -Aims to ensure quality nursing care for all, supports global health policies that advance nursing and improve worldwide health, and strives to improve working conditions for nurses throughout the world. National Student Nurses' Association (NSNA) -Represents nursing students in the United States. It is the student counterpart of the ANA. Like the ANA, this association comprises elected volunteers who advocate on behalf of student nurses. The NSNA sponsors yearly conventions to address the concerns of nursing stude Explain the many roles of the nurse (10 roles), including the role of how to use evidence-based practice. Roles: Direct care provider: addressing the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the client. (i.e. listening to lung sounds, giving medications, client teaching). Communicator: using interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills to address the needs of the client, to facilitate communication in the healthcare team, and to advise the community about health promotion and disease prevention. (i.e. counseling a client, discussing staffing needs at a unit meeting, providing HIV education at a local school). Client/family educator: assessing and diagnosing the teaching needs of the client, group, family, or community. Once the diagnosis is made, nurses plan how to meet these needs, implement the teaching plan, and evaluate its effectiveness. (i.e. postoperative teaching, prenatal education for siblings, community classes on nutrition). Client advocate: supporting clients' right to make healthcare decisions when they are able to voice their opinions and protecting clients from harm when they are unable to make decisions. (i.e. helping a client explain to his family that he does not want to have further chemo). Counselor: using therapeutic communication skills to advise clients about health-related issues. (i.e. counseling a client on weight-loss strategies). Change agent: advocating for change on an individual, group, family, community, or societal level that enhances health. The nurse may use counseling, communication, and educator skills to accomplish this change. (i.e. working to improve the nutritional quality of the lunch program at a school). Leader: inspiring others by setting an example of positive health, assertive communication, and willingness to improve.(i.e. Florence Nightingale). Manager: coordinating and managing the activities of all members of the team. (i.e. charge nu Assess and intervene to promote patient safety. General interventions related to safety: Specific nursing activities are designed to monitor and manipulate the physical environment to promote safety. -The following general activities provide an overview of your role in safe, effective nursing care (Thinking, Doing, Caring) in all types of settings and circumstances: --Assess and continually monitor the safety needs of patients, based on their level of physical and cognitive function and past history of behavior. --Provide client education to foster informed decisions, promote involvement in care, and facilitate post-discharge health. --Evaluate and use techniques/processes to avoid medical/nursing errors in the delivery of client care. --Remove hazards from the environment or modify the environment to minimize hazards and risk. --Use technology to deliver safe effective care. --Establish mutual goals with clients and teach clients about specific safety measures. --If an accident or injury occurs in the healthcare setting, file an incident report according to agency policy. --Urge patients to be active members of the healthcare team. HOME SAFETY PROMOTION: -Preventing poisoning -Preventing carbon monoxide poisoning -Preventing home fires -Preventing scalds and burns -Preventing falls -Preventing firearm injuries -Preventing suffocation -Knowing how to perform choking rescue -Preventing drowning -Preventing take-home toxins SELF-CARE SAFETY: -Motor vehicle safety -Food safety -Fighting vector-borne pathogens -Reducing pollution -Weather hazard safety measures HEALTHCARE SAFETY PROMOTION: -Preventing falls -Reducing electrical hazards -Responding to fires -Preventing the need for restraints -Responding to mercury spills -Keeping equipment safe -Reducing alarm fatigue -Coping with violence Prioritize patient safety needs. -Safety is a basic human need, second only to survival needs such as oxygen, nutrition, and fluids. -As a nurse, you will be fundamentally concerned with the safety of your clients. -You must also be concerned with your own safety and the safety of other care providers. -Many accidental injuries can be prevented by being aware of hazards and taking reasonable precautions. -According to the CDC, accidents, or unintentional injuries, are the third leading cause of deaths in the United States. An estimated 170,000 people die each year as a result of accidents. Expressed another way, one person dies from an accident every 5 minutes. Poisoning is now listed as the number one cause of unintentional death, followed by motor vehicle accidents, falls, drowning, and fires. Identify risk factors and interventions to prevent patient falls. RISK FACTORS: Environmental factors: -Slippery floors and bathtubs -Lack of grab bars -Low toilet seats -High beds Health issues: -Poor vision -Hypotension (low blood pressure) -A history of falls -Dizziness, pain -Alcohol use -Cognitive impairment -Polypharmacy -Arthritis -Gait or balance deficits -Age greater than 80 years INTERVENTIONS: -Nonskid shoes. -Tidy clothes. -Proper lighting. -Grab bars/rails. -No scatter rugs. -Fall risk assessment. -Environmental safety. -Clean dry floors. -Client education. Describe methods to promote safety when moving and transferring patients. -Use proper transferring method. -Do not use broken/damaged equipment -Use proper body mechanics: --Use a wide base of support (feet spread apart). --Minimize bending and twisting. These movements increase the stress on the back. Instead, face the object or person, and bend at the hips or squat. --Squat to lift heavy objects from the floor. (Squatting lowers your center of gravity.) Push against the strong hip and thigh muscles to raise yourself to a standing position. Avoid bending at the waist. --Use the muscles in your legs as the power for lifting. Bend your knees, keep your back straight, and lift smoothly. Repeat the same movements for setting the object down. --Keep objects close to your body when you lift, move, or carry them. The closer an object is to the center of gravity, the greater the stability and the less strain on the back. --Use both hands and arms when you lift, move, or carry heavy objects. --Do not stand on tiptoes to reach an object. If you must use a ladder or stepstool to reach for an object, make sure it is stable and adequate to position your body close to the object. --Push, slide, or pull heavy objects whenever possible rather than lifting. --Maintain a good grip on the patient or object you are moving before attempting to move it. --When possible, keep your elbows bent when you carry an object. --Work with smooth and even movements. Avoid sudden or jerky motions. Plan nursing care for patients with mobility issues. -IS use -TED or SCD use -Turn every 2 hours -ROM exercises (AROM or PROM) -Assisted ambulation - if it can be tolerated Implement safe patient handling techniques when transferring or mobilizing patients. -Use a wide base of support (feet spread apart). -Minimize bending and twisting. These movements increase the stress on the back. Instead, face the object or person, and bend at the hips or squat. -Squat to lift heavy objects from the floor. (Squatting lowers your center of gravity.) Push against the strong hip and thigh muscles to raise yourself to a standing position. Avoid bending at the waist. -Use the muscles in your legs as the power for lifting. Bend your knees, keep your back straight, and lift smoothly. Repeat the same movements for setting the object down. -Keep objects close to your body when you lift, move, or carry them. The closer an object is to the center of gravity, the greater the stability and the less strain on the back. -Use both hands and arms when you lift, move, or carry heavy objects. -Do not stand on tiptoes to reach an object. If you must use a ladder or stepstool to reach for an object, make sure it is stable and adequate to position your body close to the object. -Push, slide, or pull heavy objects whenever possible rather than lifting. -Maintain a good grip on the patient or object you are moving before attempting to move it. -When possible, keep your elbows bent when you carry an object. -Work with smooth and even movements. Avoid sudden or jerky motions. Identify patients at risk for immobility. -poor vision -cognitive impairment -history of falling -low tolerance for activity