Advanced Pathophysiology Nurs 611 Exam 1
1. How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER Insulin transports potassium
from the blood to the cell along with glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of
plasma potassium levels by stimulating the Na+, K+- ATPase pump, thereby promoting
the movement of potassium into liver and muscle cells simultaneously with glucose
transport after eating. The intracellular movement of potassium prevents an acute
hyperkalemia related to food intake. Insulin also can be used to treat hyperkalemia.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 119)
2. Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances? - ANSWER
Hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and fluid volume excess.
Hyperaldosteronism promotes (1) increased renal sodium and water reabsorption with
corresponding hypervolemia and hypertension and (2) renal excretion of potassium.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 755)
3. What mechanisms cause hypernatremia? - ANSWER • Inadequate intake of free water
associated with total body sodium depletion.
• Excessive losses of water from the urinary tract that leads to a combination of sodium
and free water losses.
• Water losses associated with extreme sweating.
• Severe watery diarrhea
• Excessive excretion of water from the kidneys or impaired responsiveness of the
kidneys to vasopressin.
1. Excessive hypertonic salt solutions
2. Intravenous hypertonic sodium
3. Saline - induced abortions
4. Selected infant formulas
5. Hyperaldosteronism
, 6. Cushing Syndrome
(McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-7, p. 111)
4. Which buffers work the fastest (in minutes to hours)? - ANSWER
Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO3/H2CO3)
(McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-11, p. 123)
5. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
a(n) what? - ANSWER Increase in plasma osmolality.
Feedback mechanism and baroreceptors
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 109)
6. Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids can result in what? -
ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 122)
7. Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER Marked water deficit is manifested
by symptoms of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes,
elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine (with the
exception of diabetes insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of
hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural hypotension, may be
present.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 112)
8. Removal of part of the liver leads to what change in the remaining liver cells? -
ANSWER Compensatory hyperplasia
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 52)
9. Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ANSWER
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1. How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER Insulin transports potassium
from the blood to the cell along with glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of
plasma potassium levels by stimulating the Na+, K+- ATPase pump, thereby promoting
the movement of potassium into liver and muscle cells simultaneously with glucose
transport after eating. The intracellular movement of potassium prevents an acute
hyperkalemia related to food intake. Insulin also can be used to treat hyperkalemia.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 119)
2. Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances? - ANSWER
Hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and fluid volume excess.
Hyperaldosteronism promotes (1) increased renal sodium and water reabsorption with
corresponding hypervolemia and hypertension and (2) renal excretion of potassium.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 755)
3. What mechanisms cause hypernatremia? - ANSWER • Inadequate intake of free water
associated with total body sodium depletion.
• Excessive losses of water from the urinary tract that leads to a combination of sodium
and free water losses.
• Water losses associated with extreme sweating.
• Severe watery diarrhea
• Excessive excretion of water from the kidneys or impaired responsiveness of the
kidneys to vasopressin.
1. Excessive hypertonic salt solutions
2. Intravenous hypertonic sodium
3. Saline - induced abortions
4. Selected infant formulas
5. Hyperaldosteronism
, 6. Cushing Syndrome
(McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-7, p. 111)
4. Which buffers work the fastest (in minutes to hours)? - ANSWER
Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO3/H2CO3)
(McCance & Huether, 2014, Table 3-11, p. 123)
5. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
a(n) what? - ANSWER Increase in plasma osmolality.
Feedback mechanism and baroreceptors
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 109)
6. Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids can result in what? -
ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 122)
7. Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER Marked water deficit is manifested
by symptoms of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes,
elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine (with the
exception of diabetes insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of
hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural hypotension, may be
present.
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 112)
8. Removal of part of the liver leads to what change in the remaining liver cells? -
ANSWER Compensatory hyperplasia
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 52)
9. Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ANSWER
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
