HUBS 1416 Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers
Nervous system - ANSWER rapid response
Endocrine system - ANSWER maintains long term
Neurons - ANSWER the basic functional unit of the nervous system
Dendrites - ANSWER receives signals from other neurons and carries messages
towards the cell body
Axon - ANSWER transmits signals and carries messages away from the cell body
myelin sheath - ANSWER covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural
impulses
axon terminal - ANSWER sends messages onto the next cell
Glial Cells - ANSWER cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect
neurons
Astrocyte - ANSWER The largest and most common type of glial cell in the NS;
physically supports neurons; wraps around capillaries and forms the blood brain
barrier; helps regulate ionic composition of ECF around brain; removes excess
neurotransmitters
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER make up the myelin sheath
,microglial cells - ANSWER acts as an immune cell with in the NS; uses phagocytosis to
breakdown waste, debris and pathogens
ependymal cells - ANSWER lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secretes and
circulates cerebrospinal fluid
PNS Glial Cells - ANSWER Schwann cells (many form myelin sheath) and satellite cells
(surrounds cell bodies, provides structural support, regulates passage of material
between neuron soma and interstitial fluid)
Inhibitory - ANSWER STOPS something in the body
excitatory - ANSWER allows something to happen in the body
membrane proteins involved in neuronal electrical signaling - ANSWER - Na+ leakage
channels - always open
-K+ leakage channels - always open
- Sodium Potassium Pump - always at work
- voltage-gated Na+ channels - open during depolarization
voltage-gated K+ channels - open during repolarization
Resting membrane potential - ANSWER more positively charged ions outside the cell;
more negatively charged ions inside the cell
inside of cell is negatively charged
more Na+ outside
more K+ inside
high permeability to K+; low permeability to Na+
, Steps of an action potential - ANSWER 1. *Resting state:* Channels are closed + the
sodium-potassium pump pumps Na⁺ out + K⁺ in.
• Resting potential is maintained
2. *Depolarization*: The stimulus causes adequate depolarization of the membrane that
the threshold potential is reached; the Na⁺ gates open; Na⁺ rushes into the cell, and the
inner cell becomes more positive
3. *Repolarization*: The Na⁺ gates close; the K⁺ gates open; K⁺ rushes out of the cell,
and the inner cell membrane becomes more negative
4. *Hyperpolarization*: Na⁺ gates still closed, K⁺ gates open, K⁺ continues to leave the
cell, + inner cell becomes even more negative than resting state until the K⁺ gates close
+ the sodium potassium pump allows the neuron to return to its resting state
5. *Refractory period*: time during which the cell membrane cannot form a new action
potential
Synaptic Transmission - ANSWER the process by which information is transmitted
across the synapse by chemical neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters - ANSWER chemical messengers that diffuse across the synaptic
gaps between neurons to carry messages from the pre-synaptic cell to the
post-synaptic cell
pre-synaptic neuron - ANSWER releases NTs into the synapse to post-synaptic cell due
to electrical signal/impulse
post-synaptic neuron - ANSWER receives chemical signal (NTs) from pre-synaptic cell
Central Nervous system - ANSWER Brain + Spinal Cord
What makes up the brain? - ANSWER grey matter - outside, cell bodies
white matter - inside, axons
Nervous system - ANSWER rapid response
Endocrine system - ANSWER maintains long term
Neurons - ANSWER the basic functional unit of the nervous system
Dendrites - ANSWER receives signals from other neurons and carries messages
towards the cell body
Axon - ANSWER transmits signals and carries messages away from the cell body
myelin sheath - ANSWER covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural
impulses
axon terminal - ANSWER sends messages onto the next cell
Glial Cells - ANSWER cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect
neurons
Astrocyte - ANSWER The largest and most common type of glial cell in the NS;
physically supports neurons; wraps around capillaries and forms the blood brain
barrier; helps regulate ionic composition of ECF around brain; removes excess
neurotransmitters
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER make up the myelin sheath
,microglial cells - ANSWER acts as an immune cell with in the NS; uses phagocytosis to
breakdown waste, debris and pathogens
ependymal cells - ANSWER lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secretes and
circulates cerebrospinal fluid
PNS Glial Cells - ANSWER Schwann cells (many form myelin sheath) and satellite cells
(surrounds cell bodies, provides structural support, regulates passage of material
between neuron soma and interstitial fluid)
Inhibitory - ANSWER STOPS something in the body
excitatory - ANSWER allows something to happen in the body
membrane proteins involved in neuronal electrical signaling - ANSWER - Na+ leakage
channels - always open
-K+ leakage channels - always open
- Sodium Potassium Pump - always at work
- voltage-gated Na+ channels - open during depolarization
voltage-gated K+ channels - open during repolarization
Resting membrane potential - ANSWER more positively charged ions outside the cell;
more negatively charged ions inside the cell
inside of cell is negatively charged
more Na+ outside
more K+ inside
high permeability to K+; low permeability to Na+
, Steps of an action potential - ANSWER 1. *Resting state:* Channels are closed + the
sodium-potassium pump pumps Na⁺ out + K⁺ in.
• Resting potential is maintained
2. *Depolarization*: The stimulus causes adequate depolarization of the membrane that
the threshold potential is reached; the Na⁺ gates open; Na⁺ rushes into the cell, and the
inner cell becomes more positive
3. *Repolarization*: The Na⁺ gates close; the K⁺ gates open; K⁺ rushes out of the cell,
and the inner cell membrane becomes more negative
4. *Hyperpolarization*: Na⁺ gates still closed, K⁺ gates open, K⁺ continues to leave the
cell, + inner cell becomes even more negative than resting state until the K⁺ gates close
+ the sodium potassium pump allows the neuron to return to its resting state
5. *Refractory period*: time during which the cell membrane cannot form a new action
potential
Synaptic Transmission - ANSWER the process by which information is transmitted
across the synapse by chemical neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters - ANSWER chemical messengers that diffuse across the synaptic
gaps between neurons to carry messages from the pre-synaptic cell to the
post-synaptic cell
pre-synaptic neuron - ANSWER releases NTs into the synapse to post-synaptic cell due
to electrical signal/impulse
post-synaptic neuron - ANSWER receives chemical signal (NTs) from pre-synaptic cell
Central Nervous system - ANSWER Brain + Spinal Cord
What makes up the brain? - ANSWER grey matter - outside, cell bodies
white matter - inside, axons
