respiratory system (anatomy test)-
Questions & Answers Graded A+
organs of the respiratory system - ANSWER-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - alveoli
functions of the respiratory system - ANSWER--gas exchanges between the blood and external
environment (occur in the alveoli of the lungs)
-passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air
the nose - ANSWER--only externally visible part of the respiratory system
-air enters the nose through the external nostrils
-interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum
-olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
-the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa which moistens air and traps incoming foreign
particles
the nose pt 2 - ANSWER--lateral walls have projections called conchae which increase surface area
and increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
-the nasal cavity is separates from the oral cavity by the palate (anterior hard palate that is bone and
the posterior soft palate which is unsupported)
paranasal sinuses - ANSWER--cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses
-sinuses are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
functions of the paranasal sinuses - ANSWER--lighten the skull
-act as resonance chambers for speech
-produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
pharynx (throat) - ANSWER--muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
-made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
-pharyngotypanic tubes open ino the nasopharynx
-contains pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils
nasopharynx - ANSWER-superior region behind nasal cavity
oropharynx - ANSWER-middle region behind the mouth
laryngopharnyx - ANSWER-inferior region attached to larynx
common passageways for air and food - ANSWER-oropharynx and laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) - ANSWER-located in the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils - ANSWER-located in the oropharynx
lingual tonsils - ANSWER-found at the base of the tongue
larynx (voice box) - ANSWER--routes air and food into proper channels
-plays a role in speech
-made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilate (epiglottis)
,-thyroid cartilage
-vocal folds (true vocal cords) that vibrate with expelled air
-the glottis consists of the vocal cords and the slitlike pathway (opening)
thyroid cartilage - ANSWER--largest of the hyaline cartilages
-protrudes anteriorly (adam's apple)
epiglottis - ANSWER--protects the superior opening of the larynx
-routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
-when swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
trachea (windpipe) - ANSWER--4-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bonchi
-walls are reinforced with c-shaped hyaline cartilage, which keeps the trachea patent
-lined with ciliated mucosa that expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
main (primary bronchi) - ANSWER--formed by division of the trachea
-each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum
-right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
-bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
lungs - ANSWER--occupy most of the thoracic cavity
-apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
-base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
-each lung is divided into lobes (right lung - 3 lobes, left lung - 2 lobes)
serosa - ANSWER-covers the outer surface of the lungs
pulmonary (visceral) pleura - ANSWER-covers the lung surface
parietal pleura - ANSWER-lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
pleural fluid - ANSWER-fills the area between layers to allow gliding and decrease friction during
breathing
bronchial tree divisions - ANSWER-primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles,
terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone structures - ANSWER-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
the respiratory membrane - ANSWER-the barrier between the alveolar air and blood
four events of respiration - ANSWER-1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. respiratory gas transport
4. internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER-moving air into and out of lungs (breathing)
external respiration - ANSWER-gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (oxygen is
loaded into the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood)
respiratory gas transport - ANSWER-transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
,internal respiration - ANSWER-gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
mechanics of breathing - ANSWER-inspiration = inhalation (flow of air into lungs)
expiration = exhalation (air leaving lungs)
inspiration - ANSWER--diaphragm and external interostal muscles contract
-the size of the thoracic cavity increases
-external air is pulled into the lungs as a result of increase in intrapulmonary volume and a decrease
in gas pressure
-air is sucked into the lungs
expiration - ANSWER--largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
-as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs as a result of decrease in intrapulmonary volume
and an increase in gas pressure
-forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib
cage
intrapleural pressure - ANSWER-pressure within the pleural cavity
atelectasis - ANSWER-collapsed lung
pneumothorax - ANSWER-air in the pleural cavity
tidal volume - ANSWER-amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - ANSWER--amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the
tidal volume
-usually around 3,100 ml
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - ANSWER--amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal
expiration
-approximatley 1,200 ml
residual volume - ANSWER--air remaining in lung after expiration
-allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open
-about 1,200 ml
vital capacity - ANSWER--the total amount of exchangeable air
-vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
-4,800 ml in men; 3,100 ml in women
dead space volume - ANSWER--air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
-about 150 ml
functional volume - ANSWER--air that actually reaches the repsiratory zone
-usually about 350 ml
nonrespiratory air (gas) movements - ANSWER--can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
-cough and sneeze
-crying
-laughing
-hiccup
-yawn
, respiratory sounds - ANSWER--sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
-two sounds can be heard: bronchial sounds and vesicular breathing sounds
bronchial sounds - ANSWER-produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the
trachea and bronchi
vesicular breathing sounds - ANSWER-soft sounds of air filling alveoli
movement of gas is... - ANSWER-toward the area of lower concentration
oxygen is loaded into the blood - ANSWER--alveoli always have more oxygen than the blood
-oxygen moves by diffustion towards the area of lower concentration
-pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen
carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the blood - ANSWER--blood returning from tissues has higher
concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
-pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide to be exhaled
oxygen transport in the blood - ANSWER-most oxygen attach to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin-
a small dissolved part is carried into the plasma
carbon dioxide transport in the blood - ANSWER--most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate
ion (HCO3-)
-a small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than
those of oxygen
gas transport in the blood - ANSWER--for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it
must be released from its bicarbonate form
-bicarbonate ions enter RBC
-conbine with hydrogen ions
-form carbonic acid
-carbonic acid splits to form water + CO2
-carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
internal respiration - ANSWER--exchange of gases between blood and body cells
-opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs (carbon dioxide diffuses ou of tissue to blood and
oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue)
neural regulation of respiration - ANSWER-activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from
the brain by phrenic and intercostal nerves
medulla - ANSWER-sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker caled the ventral
respiratory group (VRG)
pons - ANSWER-appears to smooth out respiratory rate
normal respiratory rate - ANSWER-12 to 15 respirations per minute
hyperpnea - ANSWER-increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs
non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth - ANSWER--physical factors (increased
body temperature, exercise, talking, coughing)
Questions & Answers Graded A+
organs of the respiratory system - ANSWER-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - alveoli
functions of the respiratory system - ANSWER--gas exchanges between the blood and external
environment (occur in the alveoli of the lungs)
-passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air
the nose - ANSWER--only externally visible part of the respiratory system
-air enters the nose through the external nostrils
-interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum
-olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
-the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa which moistens air and traps incoming foreign
particles
the nose pt 2 - ANSWER--lateral walls have projections called conchae which increase surface area
and increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
-the nasal cavity is separates from the oral cavity by the palate (anterior hard palate that is bone and
the posterior soft palate which is unsupported)
paranasal sinuses - ANSWER--cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses
-sinuses are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
functions of the paranasal sinuses - ANSWER--lighten the skull
-act as resonance chambers for speech
-produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
pharynx (throat) - ANSWER--muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
-made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
-pharyngotypanic tubes open ino the nasopharynx
-contains pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils
nasopharynx - ANSWER-superior region behind nasal cavity
oropharynx - ANSWER-middle region behind the mouth
laryngopharnyx - ANSWER-inferior region attached to larynx
common passageways for air and food - ANSWER-oropharynx and laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) - ANSWER-located in the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils - ANSWER-located in the oropharynx
lingual tonsils - ANSWER-found at the base of the tongue
larynx (voice box) - ANSWER--routes air and food into proper channels
-plays a role in speech
-made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilate (epiglottis)
,-thyroid cartilage
-vocal folds (true vocal cords) that vibrate with expelled air
-the glottis consists of the vocal cords and the slitlike pathway (opening)
thyroid cartilage - ANSWER--largest of the hyaline cartilages
-protrudes anteriorly (adam's apple)
epiglottis - ANSWER--protects the superior opening of the larynx
-routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
-when swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
trachea (windpipe) - ANSWER--4-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bonchi
-walls are reinforced with c-shaped hyaline cartilage, which keeps the trachea patent
-lined with ciliated mucosa that expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
main (primary bronchi) - ANSWER--formed by division of the trachea
-each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum
-right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
-bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
lungs - ANSWER--occupy most of the thoracic cavity
-apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
-base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
-each lung is divided into lobes (right lung - 3 lobes, left lung - 2 lobes)
serosa - ANSWER-covers the outer surface of the lungs
pulmonary (visceral) pleura - ANSWER-covers the lung surface
parietal pleura - ANSWER-lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
pleural fluid - ANSWER-fills the area between layers to allow gliding and decrease friction during
breathing
bronchial tree divisions - ANSWER-primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles,
terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone structures - ANSWER-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
the respiratory membrane - ANSWER-the barrier between the alveolar air and blood
four events of respiration - ANSWER-1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. respiratory gas transport
4. internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER-moving air into and out of lungs (breathing)
external respiration - ANSWER-gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (oxygen is
loaded into the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood)
respiratory gas transport - ANSWER-transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
,internal respiration - ANSWER-gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
mechanics of breathing - ANSWER-inspiration = inhalation (flow of air into lungs)
expiration = exhalation (air leaving lungs)
inspiration - ANSWER--diaphragm and external interostal muscles contract
-the size of the thoracic cavity increases
-external air is pulled into the lungs as a result of increase in intrapulmonary volume and a decrease
in gas pressure
-air is sucked into the lungs
expiration - ANSWER--largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
-as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs as a result of decrease in intrapulmonary volume
and an increase in gas pressure
-forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib
cage
intrapleural pressure - ANSWER-pressure within the pleural cavity
atelectasis - ANSWER-collapsed lung
pneumothorax - ANSWER-air in the pleural cavity
tidal volume - ANSWER-amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - ANSWER--amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the
tidal volume
-usually around 3,100 ml
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - ANSWER--amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal
expiration
-approximatley 1,200 ml
residual volume - ANSWER--air remaining in lung after expiration
-allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open
-about 1,200 ml
vital capacity - ANSWER--the total amount of exchangeable air
-vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
-4,800 ml in men; 3,100 ml in women
dead space volume - ANSWER--air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
-about 150 ml
functional volume - ANSWER--air that actually reaches the repsiratory zone
-usually about 350 ml
nonrespiratory air (gas) movements - ANSWER--can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
-cough and sneeze
-crying
-laughing
-hiccup
-yawn
, respiratory sounds - ANSWER--sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
-two sounds can be heard: bronchial sounds and vesicular breathing sounds
bronchial sounds - ANSWER-produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the
trachea and bronchi
vesicular breathing sounds - ANSWER-soft sounds of air filling alveoli
movement of gas is... - ANSWER-toward the area of lower concentration
oxygen is loaded into the blood - ANSWER--alveoli always have more oxygen than the blood
-oxygen moves by diffustion towards the area of lower concentration
-pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen
carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the blood - ANSWER--blood returning from tissues has higher
concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
-pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide to be exhaled
oxygen transport in the blood - ANSWER-most oxygen attach to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin-
a small dissolved part is carried into the plasma
carbon dioxide transport in the blood - ANSWER--most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate
ion (HCO3-)
-a small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than
those of oxygen
gas transport in the blood - ANSWER--for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it
must be released from its bicarbonate form
-bicarbonate ions enter RBC
-conbine with hydrogen ions
-form carbonic acid
-carbonic acid splits to form water + CO2
-carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
internal respiration - ANSWER--exchange of gases between blood and body cells
-opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs (carbon dioxide diffuses ou of tissue to blood and
oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue)
neural regulation of respiration - ANSWER-activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from
the brain by phrenic and intercostal nerves
medulla - ANSWER-sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker caled the ventral
respiratory group (VRG)
pons - ANSWER-appears to smooth out respiratory rate
normal respiratory rate - ANSWER-12 to 15 respirations per minute
hyperpnea - ANSWER-increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs
non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth - ANSWER--physical factors (increased
body temperature, exercise, talking, coughing)
