Laboratory Manual for
Anatomy & Physiology
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
Lori A. Smith, Ph.D.
American River College
,Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Compositor: SPi Global
Senior Courseware Portfolio Manager: Lauren Harp Interior & Cover Designer: Hespenheide Design
Managing Producer: Nancy Tabor Illustrators: Imagineering STA Media Services, Inc.
Content & Design Manager: Michele Mangelli, Mangelli Rights & Permissions Management: Ben Ferrini
Productions, LLC Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Courseware Editorial Assistant: Lidia Bayne Product Marketing Manager: Wendy Mears
Production Supervisor: David Novak Director of Product Marketing, Science: Allison Rona
Proofreader: Martha Ghent Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
Cover Photo Credit: Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All
Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in
a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts
within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department.
Acknowledgements of third-party content appear on page 373, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the
property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade
dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any
sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such
marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors,
licensees or distributors.
The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted
in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety
procedures, are reasonably safe for the students to whom this lab manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of
the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the failure or
misuse of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, spills of chemicals, and exposure to sharp
objects, heat, bodily fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability
arising from such risks in connection with any of the experiments contained in this manual. If students
have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any experiment, they should
always ask their instructor for help before proceeding.
www.pearson.com ISBN-10: 0-13-516802-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-516802-8
, Contents iii
Contents
THE HUMAN BODY: ORIENTATION 3 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 47
4 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
1 The Language of Anatomy 1 Microscope 49
1 Locating Body Landmarks 1 5 Constructing a Concept Map of the Tissues 50
2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Review Sheet 51
Terminology 3
3 Observing Sectioned Specimens 4
4 Locating Abdominopelvic Surface Regions 6 6 The Integumentary System 55
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 56
Review Sheet 7
2 Visualizing Changes in Skin Color Due to
Continuous External Pressure 57
2 Organ Systems Overview 9 3 Viewing Two Types of Pressure Receptors
1 Studying the Organ Systems of the Microscopically 58
Body and Their Functions 9 4 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 58
Dissection Rat Dissection and/or Observation 9 5 Testing Tactile Localization 58
2 Observing External Structures 11 6 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch
3 Examining the Mouth (Oral Cavity) 11 Receptors 59
4 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 11 7 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 59
5 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 12 8 Examining a Skin Slide 61
6 Examining the Human Torso Model 15 9 Identifying Nail Structures 62
Review Sheet 17 Review Sheet 63
THE CELL THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 The Cell—Anatomy and Division 19 7 Overview of the Skeleton 67
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 19 1 Examining and Classifying Bones 70
2 Identifying Components of a Plasma 2 Examining a Long Bone 70
Membrane 20
3 Comparing the Relative Contributions of Bone
3 Locating Organelles 21 Salts and Collagen Fibers in Bone Matrix 71
4 Examining the Cell Model 21 4 Examining the Effects of Heat and Nitric Acid on
5 Observing Differences and Similarities in Cell Bones 71
Structure 22 5 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact
6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 24 Bone 72
7 Creating Mitotic Figures 24 Review Sheet 75
Review Sheet 25
8 The Axial Skeleton 79
4 Cell Membrane Transport 1 Identifying the Bones of the Adult Skull 79
Mechanisms 29 2 Palpating Skull Markings 83
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Agar Gel 30 3 Examining Spinal Curvatures 85
2 Observing Diffusion Through Nonliving 4 Palpating the Spinous Processes 86
Membranes 31 5 Examining Vertebral Structure 87
3 Investigating Diffusion Through Living 6 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and
Membranes 33 Vertebrae 88
4 Observing the Process of Filtration 33 Review Sheet 89
Review Sheet 35
BASIC TISSUES AND THE SKIN
9 The Appendicular Skeleton 95
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 95
5 Classification of Tissues 37 2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
Girdle and the Upper Limb 98
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the
Microscope 42 3 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the Girdle 99
Microscope 42 4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 101
iii
, iv Contents
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Lower 3 Tracing the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the
Limb 104 Brain 168
6 Constructing a Skeleton 104 4 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 171
Review Sheet 105 Dissection The Sheep Brain 171
Review Sheet 175
10 Joints and Body Movements 109
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 109 15 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 181
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 109 1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 181
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 110 Dissection Spinal Cord 182
4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction- 2 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and
Reducing Structures 112 Peripheral Nerves 186
5 Identifying Types of Synovial Joints 112 Review Sheet 187
6 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial
Joints 113
7 Demonstrating Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Multiaxial
16 Human Reflex Physiology 189
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 190
Movements 116
2 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 191
Review Sheet 117
3 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 192
4 Initiating the Gag Reflex 192
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 5 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 192
Review Sheet 193
11 Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
of Skeletal Muscle 121
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 123
17 The Special Senses 195
1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 197
2 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction 123 2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 198
3 Observing the Structure of a Skeletal Muscle 124 Dissection The Cow (Sheep) Eye 199
4 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular 3 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 200
Junction 126
4 Determining Near Point of Vision 201
Review Sheet 127
5 Testing Visual Acuity 201
6 Testing for Astigmatism 202
12 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
7 Testing for Color Blindness 202
System 131
8 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 131 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 202
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 136 9 Identifying Structures of the Ear 203
3 Demonstrating Operation of Trunk Muscles 136 10 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
4 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 138 (Optional) 204
5 Identifying Muscles of the Hip and Lower 11 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Limb 140 Cochlea 205
6 Palpating Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 142 12 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing 205
7 Making a Muscle Painting 142 13 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 208
Review Sheet 145 14 Identification of Papillae on the Tongue 210
15 Stimulating Taste Buds 211
REGULATORY SYSTEMS: NEURAL 16 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell, Texture,
and Temperature on Taste 211
AND ENDOCRINE Review Sheet 213
13 Neuron Anatomy and Physiology 151
18 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 153
Glands 221
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Nerve 157
Thyroid Gland 223
Review Sheet 159
2 Palpating the Thyroid Gland 223
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
14 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Pancreas to Identify Alpha and Beta Cells 225
Nerves 163 4 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 225
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 163 5 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 226
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 167 Review Sheet 227
Anatomy & Physiology
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
Lori A. Smith, Ph.D.
American River College
,Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Compositor: SPi Global
Senior Courseware Portfolio Manager: Lauren Harp Interior & Cover Designer: Hespenheide Design
Managing Producer: Nancy Tabor Illustrators: Imagineering STA Media Services, Inc.
Content & Design Manager: Michele Mangelli, Mangelli Rights & Permissions Management: Ben Ferrini
Productions, LLC Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Courseware Editorial Assistant: Lidia Bayne Product Marketing Manager: Wendy Mears
Production Supervisor: David Novak Director of Product Marketing, Science: Allison Rona
Proofreader: Martha Ghent Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
Cover Photo Credit: Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All
Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in
a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts
within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department.
Acknowledgements of third-party content appear on page 373, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the
property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade
dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any
sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such
marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors,
licensees or distributors.
The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted
in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety
procedures, are reasonably safe for the students to whom this lab manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of
the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the failure or
misuse of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, spills of chemicals, and exposure to sharp
objects, heat, bodily fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability
arising from such risks in connection with any of the experiments contained in this manual. If students
have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any experiment, they should
always ask their instructor for help before proceeding.
www.pearson.com ISBN-10: 0-13-516802-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-516802-8
, Contents iii
Contents
THE HUMAN BODY: ORIENTATION 3 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 47
4 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
1 The Language of Anatomy 1 Microscope 49
1 Locating Body Landmarks 1 5 Constructing a Concept Map of the Tissues 50
2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Review Sheet 51
Terminology 3
3 Observing Sectioned Specimens 4
4 Locating Abdominopelvic Surface Regions 6 6 The Integumentary System 55
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 56
Review Sheet 7
2 Visualizing Changes in Skin Color Due to
Continuous External Pressure 57
2 Organ Systems Overview 9 3 Viewing Two Types of Pressure Receptors
1 Studying the Organ Systems of the Microscopically 58
Body and Their Functions 9 4 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 58
Dissection Rat Dissection and/or Observation 9 5 Testing Tactile Localization 58
2 Observing External Structures 11 6 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch
3 Examining the Mouth (Oral Cavity) 11 Receptors 59
4 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 11 7 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 59
5 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 12 8 Examining a Skin Slide 61
6 Examining the Human Torso Model 15 9 Identifying Nail Structures 62
Review Sheet 17 Review Sheet 63
THE CELL THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 The Cell—Anatomy and Division 19 7 Overview of the Skeleton 67
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 19 1 Examining and Classifying Bones 70
2 Identifying Components of a Plasma 2 Examining a Long Bone 70
Membrane 20
3 Comparing the Relative Contributions of Bone
3 Locating Organelles 21 Salts and Collagen Fibers in Bone Matrix 71
4 Examining the Cell Model 21 4 Examining the Effects of Heat and Nitric Acid on
5 Observing Differences and Similarities in Cell Bones 71
Structure 22 5 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact
6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 24 Bone 72
7 Creating Mitotic Figures 24 Review Sheet 75
Review Sheet 25
8 The Axial Skeleton 79
4 Cell Membrane Transport 1 Identifying the Bones of the Adult Skull 79
Mechanisms 29 2 Palpating Skull Markings 83
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Agar Gel 30 3 Examining Spinal Curvatures 85
2 Observing Diffusion Through Nonliving 4 Palpating the Spinous Processes 86
Membranes 31 5 Examining Vertebral Structure 87
3 Investigating Diffusion Through Living 6 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and
Membranes 33 Vertebrae 88
4 Observing the Process of Filtration 33 Review Sheet 89
Review Sheet 35
BASIC TISSUES AND THE SKIN
9 The Appendicular Skeleton 95
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 95
5 Classification of Tissues 37 2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
Girdle and the Upper Limb 98
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the
Microscope 42 3 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the Girdle 99
Microscope 42 4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 101
iii
, iv Contents
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Lower 3 Tracing the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the
Limb 104 Brain 168
6 Constructing a Skeleton 104 4 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 171
Review Sheet 105 Dissection The Sheep Brain 171
Review Sheet 175
10 Joints and Body Movements 109
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 109 15 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 181
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 109 1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 181
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 110 Dissection Spinal Cord 182
4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction- 2 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and
Reducing Structures 112 Peripheral Nerves 186
5 Identifying Types of Synovial Joints 112 Review Sheet 187
6 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial
Joints 113
7 Demonstrating Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Multiaxial
16 Human Reflex Physiology 189
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 190
Movements 116
2 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 191
Review Sheet 117
3 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 192
4 Initiating the Gag Reflex 192
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 5 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 192
Review Sheet 193
11 Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
of Skeletal Muscle 121
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 123
17 The Special Senses 195
1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 197
2 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction 123 2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 198
3 Observing the Structure of a Skeletal Muscle 124 Dissection The Cow (Sheep) Eye 199
4 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular 3 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 200
Junction 126
4 Determining Near Point of Vision 201
Review Sheet 127
5 Testing Visual Acuity 201
6 Testing for Astigmatism 202
12 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
7 Testing for Color Blindness 202
System 131
8 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 131 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 202
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 136 9 Identifying Structures of the Ear 203
3 Demonstrating Operation of Trunk Muscles 136 10 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
4 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 138 (Optional) 204
5 Identifying Muscles of the Hip and Lower 11 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Limb 140 Cochlea 205
6 Palpating Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 142 12 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing 205
7 Making a Muscle Painting 142 13 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 208
Review Sheet 145 14 Identification of Papillae on the Tongue 210
15 Stimulating Taste Buds 211
REGULATORY SYSTEMS: NEURAL 16 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell, Texture,
and Temperature on Taste 211
AND ENDOCRINE Review Sheet 213
13 Neuron Anatomy and Physiology 151
18 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 153
Glands 221
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Nerve 157
Thyroid Gland 223
Review Sheet 159
2 Palpating the Thyroid Gland 223
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
14 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Pancreas to Identify Alpha and Beta Cells 225
Nerves 163 4 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 225
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 163 5 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 226
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 167 Review Sheet 227
