ORTHOPAEDIC TECHNOLOGIST EXAM: SURGERY
What to report to surgeon regarding fx - Answers --Location
-Open/closed
-Type of fx
-Anatomical alignment
-Angulation- degree
-Neurovascular status of limb
Surgical hand washing procedure - Answers --Examine skin for damage
-Nail pick to clean under nails
-Sterile scrub brush
-One arm at a time, 30 passes in each area
-Each side of each finger
-Extend to 2 inches above elbow
-Excess water allowed to drip into sink
Protective attire - Answers -Protects from radiation, lasers, and microbes. Scrub suit,
mask, hair cover, shoe cover, non sterile gloves, protective eyewear, and radiation
protection.
Attire worn in the OR - Answers -Limits microbial spread. Scrub suit, hair cover. Mask
and shoe covers. A cap or hood is worn to cover hair.
Sterile scrub attire - Answers -Worn by surgical team. Put on after surgical scrub. Sterile
gown, sterile gloves. Required for entry into sterile field. Made of lint-free fabric. The
cuffs of the gown are not considered sterile and must be covered by the glove. Double-
gloving is recommended.
Surgical drapes - Answers -Protect the surgical site from contamination. Drapes must
be antistatic, strong porous, must not reflect light, flame retardant, free of toxins, and not
contain lint.
Plastic drapes - Answers -Adhesive. There are incise and aperture drapes. Incise are
made of thin see-through plastic w/adhesive back. Applied on top of folded towels.
Surgical incision is made through the drape. Aperture drapes have fenestrations
surrounded by adhesive backing.
Fabric drapes - Answers -Nonwoven textile fabrics are disposable, light, and strong.
Synthetic. Reinforced layers of material surround the fenestration.
Woven textile fabrics are reusable. The material swells when wet and becomes
impermeable. Treated with a fluorochemical to increase fluid repellent nature. Must be
washed, sterilized, inspected for damage, and repaired.
, Fenestrated drapes - Answers -Openings to expose surgical site. Fenestration of a
particular shape depending on the intended use.
Nonfenestrated drapes - Answers -Used to cover sections not covered by fenestrated
drapes. Custom made for surgeries on specific body parts.
Sterile packs - Answers -Designed for medical specialties and for specific procedures.
Contain the required supplies for the particular surgery. Basic packs contain: Mayo
stand cover, 2 surgical gowns, a suture bag, 4 sticky paper drapes, and 2 paper towels.
Stockinette drapes - Answers -Cover the arms and legs. The closed end covers the
distal part of the extremity. May be covered with plastic to make it impermeable to fluids.
Used during coronary bypass surgeries or hip replacement surgeries.
General anesthesia - Answers -Used for extensive procedures. Administered by
injection, instillation, or inhalation. Suppresses coughing, gagging, breathing, and other
protective reflexes. Requires the use of a breathing tube.
Local anesthesia - Answers -Injection of an agent that blocks nerve conduction into the
tissues around a peripheral nerve. Does not affect alertness. Produces anesthesia
within 5-15 minutes. Effectiveness may be prolonged with epinephrine or hyaluronidase.
Used for procedures such as skin biopsies or stitches. Frequently used injectables
include procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine.
Topical anesthesia - Answers -Blocks nerve conduction after being placed directly on a
tissue layer. Rapid onset. Cryoanesthesia- localized cooling. Absorbed through skin and
come in contact with peripheral nerve endings.
Conscious sedation - Answers -Intravenous sedation. Induces relaxation and
sleepiness. Pain medication and mild sedative. Causes temporary forgetfulness.
Protective reflexes are not affected. Patient is awake. Used for procedures such as
colonoscopies.
Regional anesthesia - Answers -Administration of an anesthetic along a major nerve
tract. Blocks nerve conduction from all tissues distal to the site of injection. Does not
cause loss of consciousness or alertness. Slow onset. Includes a spinal block and
epidural block.
Nerve plexus block - Answers -Injection of an agent into the site of a major plexus- e.g.
brachial plexus. Affects all tissue innervated by the plexus.
Spinal block - Answers -Intrathecal block. Injection of an agent into the CSF surrounding
the spinal cord. Causes loss of sensation below the diaphragm; loss of muscle control.
Rapid onset. Lasts 1-1.5 hours. A sedative is usually given first as patient cooperation is
essential.
What to report to surgeon regarding fx - Answers --Location
-Open/closed
-Type of fx
-Anatomical alignment
-Angulation- degree
-Neurovascular status of limb
Surgical hand washing procedure - Answers --Examine skin for damage
-Nail pick to clean under nails
-Sterile scrub brush
-One arm at a time, 30 passes in each area
-Each side of each finger
-Extend to 2 inches above elbow
-Excess water allowed to drip into sink
Protective attire - Answers -Protects from radiation, lasers, and microbes. Scrub suit,
mask, hair cover, shoe cover, non sterile gloves, protective eyewear, and radiation
protection.
Attire worn in the OR - Answers -Limits microbial spread. Scrub suit, hair cover. Mask
and shoe covers. A cap or hood is worn to cover hair.
Sterile scrub attire - Answers -Worn by surgical team. Put on after surgical scrub. Sterile
gown, sterile gloves. Required for entry into sterile field. Made of lint-free fabric. The
cuffs of the gown are not considered sterile and must be covered by the glove. Double-
gloving is recommended.
Surgical drapes - Answers -Protect the surgical site from contamination. Drapes must
be antistatic, strong porous, must not reflect light, flame retardant, free of toxins, and not
contain lint.
Plastic drapes - Answers -Adhesive. There are incise and aperture drapes. Incise are
made of thin see-through plastic w/adhesive back. Applied on top of folded towels.
Surgical incision is made through the drape. Aperture drapes have fenestrations
surrounded by adhesive backing.
Fabric drapes - Answers -Nonwoven textile fabrics are disposable, light, and strong.
Synthetic. Reinforced layers of material surround the fenestration.
Woven textile fabrics are reusable. The material swells when wet and becomes
impermeable. Treated with a fluorochemical to increase fluid repellent nature. Must be
washed, sterilized, inspected for damage, and repaired.
, Fenestrated drapes - Answers -Openings to expose surgical site. Fenestration of a
particular shape depending on the intended use.
Nonfenestrated drapes - Answers -Used to cover sections not covered by fenestrated
drapes. Custom made for surgeries on specific body parts.
Sterile packs - Answers -Designed for medical specialties and for specific procedures.
Contain the required supplies for the particular surgery. Basic packs contain: Mayo
stand cover, 2 surgical gowns, a suture bag, 4 sticky paper drapes, and 2 paper towels.
Stockinette drapes - Answers -Cover the arms and legs. The closed end covers the
distal part of the extremity. May be covered with plastic to make it impermeable to fluids.
Used during coronary bypass surgeries or hip replacement surgeries.
General anesthesia - Answers -Used for extensive procedures. Administered by
injection, instillation, or inhalation. Suppresses coughing, gagging, breathing, and other
protective reflexes. Requires the use of a breathing tube.
Local anesthesia - Answers -Injection of an agent that blocks nerve conduction into the
tissues around a peripheral nerve. Does not affect alertness. Produces anesthesia
within 5-15 minutes. Effectiveness may be prolonged with epinephrine or hyaluronidase.
Used for procedures such as skin biopsies or stitches. Frequently used injectables
include procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine.
Topical anesthesia - Answers -Blocks nerve conduction after being placed directly on a
tissue layer. Rapid onset. Cryoanesthesia- localized cooling. Absorbed through skin and
come in contact with peripheral nerve endings.
Conscious sedation - Answers -Intravenous sedation. Induces relaxation and
sleepiness. Pain medication and mild sedative. Causes temporary forgetfulness.
Protective reflexes are not affected. Patient is awake. Used for procedures such as
colonoscopies.
Regional anesthesia - Answers -Administration of an anesthetic along a major nerve
tract. Blocks nerve conduction from all tissues distal to the site of injection. Does not
cause loss of consciousness or alertness. Slow onset. Includes a spinal block and
epidural block.
Nerve plexus block - Answers -Injection of an agent into the site of a major plexus- e.g.
brachial plexus. Affects all tissue innervated by the plexus.
Spinal block - Answers -Intrathecal block. Injection of an agent into the CSF surrounding
the spinal cord. Causes loss of sensation below the diaphragm; loss of muscle control.
Rapid onset. Lasts 1-1.5 hours. A sedative is usually given first as patient cooperation is
essential.
