Exam 3 Study Guide

BSC1086C EXAM #3 GENERAL STUDY GUIDE for multiple choice exam. Students should read each chapter thoroughly, review chapter presentations, and utilize McGraw-Hill Connect Plus study tools. Note: There is a separate lab exam list for preparation for the laboratory exam. Chapter #25
Nutrition definition
-Substances used by body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions. Includes digestion, absorption, transportation, and cell metabolism. Kilocalorie (kcal) definition , carbs/proteins 4kcal/g ; fats 9kcal/g
-Measures of energy supplied by food and released through metabolism.
Food guide MyPlate.gov (formerly MyPyramid) Variety, healthy foods -Vegetables -Fruits
-Grains
-Protein
-Dairy
Carbohydrates: sources, polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides (absorbed in bloodstream)
-Most carbohydrates come from plants (exception: lactose from milk)
oPolysaccharides (complex): Include starch, glycogen, cellulose. Cellulose is indigestible. oDisaccharides: Include sucrose, maltose, lactose.
oMonosaccharides : Include glucose, fructose, galactose
-Disaccharides and polysaccharides converted to glucose (used for energy or stored as glycogen or fats).
Lipids: sources, triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol) , saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated (olive/peanut oil), polyunsaturated (fish, safflower, sunflower, corn oils)
-Triglycerides (95%): used for energy to produce ATP or stored in adipose tissue, liver.
oSaturated fats and oils: single covalent bonds between carbons; found in meat fats, whole milk, cheese, eggs. oUnsaturated fats and oils: one or more double bonds between carbons.
Monounsaturated fats have one double bond; found in olive and peanut oil. Polyunsaturated fats have two or more double bonds; found in fish and sunflower oil. Proteins: sources, amino acid building blocks , functions
(20 total amino acids, 9 are essential, 11 are nonessential) oFunctions:
Protection: (Antibodies)
Regulation: (enzymes, hormones)
Structure: (collagen) Muscle contraction: (actin, myosin)
Transportation: (hemoglobin, ion channels)
Clinical Impact Free Radicals and Antioxidants
“ACE” -Vitamin A: -Vitamin C:
-Vitamin E:
-Folate (folic acid): 0.4 mg
Daily Values for Nutrients: RDIs, DRVs, % Daily Value : DEFINITIONS
-Reference Daily Intakes (RDI): Infants, toddlers, people over 4, and pregnant or lactating women. -Daily Reference Values (DRVs): total fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, and proteins. -Percent Daily Value (%DV): nutrients in one serving of food.
Metabolism: definition, catabolism, anabolism, ATP (energy currency of cells)
-Total of all chemical changes that occur in body.
oCatabolism: energy-releasing process where large molecules broken down to smaller.
oAnabolism: energy-requiring process where small molecules joined to form large molecules.
oATP (Adenosine triphosphate): carries energy within cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis ( in cytosol/cytoplasm ); Citric Acid Cycle & Electron-
Transport (within mitochondria)
-Glycolysis: chemical reactions in the cytosol that results in the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate acid molecules. oSTEPS: 1.Input of ATP: 2 ATP used to make glucose more reactive
2.Sugar cleavage: fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate is cleaved into 2 3-carbon molecules.
3.NADH production
4.ATP and pyruvate production.
FINAL PRODUCT from one glucose: 4 ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate.
Summary of ATP Production ( net gain 36 ATP molecules: 2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle, 32 from electron-transport chain ) ANIMATIONS!!!
Figure 25.10 Lipid Metabolism; Ketogenesis; Causes of Ketosis (ketone bodies)
-Ketogenesis: formation of ketone bodies.
-Free fatty acids are taken up by cells and broken down by beta-oxidations into acetyl-CoA which convert to ketone bodies. Figure 25.14 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules
-Important to convert one nutrient type to another in order to maintain homeostatic levels.
oGlycogenesis: Excess glucose to make glycogen oLipogenesis: When glycogen stores filled, glucose and amino acids used to make lipids.
oGlycogenolysis: Rupture of glycogen to glucose oGluconeogenesis: Formation of glucose from amino acids and glycerol. Figure 25.15 Events of the Absorptive State
-Absorptive state: period immediately after eating when nutrients absorbed through intestinal wall into circulatory and lymphatic systems (last about 4 hours after meal). oEX: Glucose are used as sources of energy. Molecules
not immediately needed for energy are stored: Glucose is converted to glycogen or triglycerides, triglycerides are deposited in adipose tissue, and amino acids are converted to triglycerides or carbohydrates. Figure 25.16 Events of the Postabsorptive State