PPE 3003 Exam 1 (Chps 1-4) || with 100% Errorless
Solutions.
Two ways to conceptualize a trait correct answers internal properties and descriptive summaries
Which way to conceptualize a trait is more accurate? correct answers Depends on your
perspective and depends on the person whose personality is being
Internal Properties correct answers Personality is who I am on the inside
The same across situations
But how you act on the outside might change
Ex: Your friend is shy, but acted outgoing
Behavior does not always reflect personality correct answers Internal properties
Can't know who a person is based on their behavior correct answers Internal properties
Descriptive summaries correct answers Personality is who I am on the outside
Traits summarize/ describe behavior
Ex: Your friend is outgoing, so she is outgoing
Doesn't make assumptions about causes
Ex: doesn't think about other reasons why she acted outgoing correct answers Descriptive
summaries
Doesn't stop to think about who I am on the inside correct answers Descriptive summaries
Which way is more accurate (internal or descriptive)? correct answers Depends on your
perspective
Depends on the person whose personality is being described
Why might it be useful to think about personality as a descriptive summary? correct answers
Behavior predicts future behavior
Avoid:
Self-biases
Lack of self-awareness
Dishonesty
Taxonomy correct answers Way of organizing things
Allows you to break up into categories
Ex: Categories of the dunkin menu
Personality taxonomies correct answers Personality traits can also be broken up into categories
There are over 18,000 trait descriptive adjectives
Need some way of breaking these down into meaningful categories
, Creating a Taxonomy correct answers 1. Lexical Approach
2. Theoretical Approach
3. Statistical Approach
Lexical Approach correct answers Lexical = words
Begins with dictionary
Which traits are most important to personality?(Lexical Approach) correct answers - Synonym
Frequency
How many words mean the same thing?
More synonyms= more important trait
- Cross-cultural university
Ppl speaking more languages care more about this
Is the concept important in most cultures?
How many languages there are synonyms for it
Lexical Approach correct answers -Exploratory and aimless almost
-Group of random unrelated traits
-Most comprehensive, not best for quick
Ex: Adventurous has more synonyms than insightful
Theoretical Approach correct answers start with a theory to determine which traits are going to
be important to personality
- Less exploratory, you have a concept in mind that you want to measure
Coming across concepts and ideas from prior research ie. reading articles
Easiest to do for class research
Theoretical Approach Example correct answers Attachment Style
-How people relate to others in the context of close relationships
-Attachment theory claims this is an important part of human behavior
-Predicts a number of outcomes for people
-We use this theory to take a taxonomy of personality
Statistical Approach correct answers Usually lexical or theoretical approach is a starting point,
used as a step number 2 an add on to the other approaches
When you can use statistics to tell you which traits go together to form "factors" (categories)
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis correct answers -Finds which traits "covary" (change together), but are separate
from the other traits
Solutions.
Two ways to conceptualize a trait correct answers internal properties and descriptive summaries
Which way to conceptualize a trait is more accurate? correct answers Depends on your
perspective and depends on the person whose personality is being
Internal Properties correct answers Personality is who I am on the inside
The same across situations
But how you act on the outside might change
Ex: Your friend is shy, but acted outgoing
Behavior does not always reflect personality correct answers Internal properties
Can't know who a person is based on their behavior correct answers Internal properties
Descriptive summaries correct answers Personality is who I am on the outside
Traits summarize/ describe behavior
Ex: Your friend is outgoing, so she is outgoing
Doesn't make assumptions about causes
Ex: doesn't think about other reasons why she acted outgoing correct answers Descriptive
summaries
Doesn't stop to think about who I am on the inside correct answers Descriptive summaries
Which way is more accurate (internal or descriptive)? correct answers Depends on your
perspective
Depends on the person whose personality is being described
Why might it be useful to think about personality as a descriptive summary? correct answers
Behavior predicts future behavior
Avoid:
Self-biases
Lack of self-awareness
Dishonesty
Taxonomy correct answers Way of organizing things
Allows you to break up into categories
Ex: Categories of the dunkin menu
Personality taxonomies correct answers Personality traits can also be broken up into categories
There are over 18,000 trait descriptive adjectives
Need some way of breaking these down into meaningful categories
, Creating a Taxonomy correct answers 1. Lexical Approach
2. Theoretical Approach
3. Statistical Approach
Lexical Approach correct answers Lexical = words
Begins with dictionary
Which traits are most important to personality?(Lexical Approach) correct answers - Synonym
Frequency
How many words mean the same thing?
More synonyms= more important trait
- Cross-cultural university
Ppl speaking more languages care more about this
Is the concept important in most cultures?
How many languages there are synonyms for it
Lexical Approach correct answers -Exploratory and aimless almost
-Group of random unrelated traits
-Most comprehensive, not best for quick
Ex: Adventurous has more synonyms than insightful
Theoretical Approach correct answers start with a theory to determine which traits are going to
be important to personality
- Less exploratory, you have a concept in mind that you want to measure
Coming across concepts and ideas from prior research ie. reading articles
Easiest to do for class research
Theoretical Approach Example correct answers Attachment Style
-How people relate to others in the context of close relationships
-Attachment theory claims this is an important part of human behavior
-Predicts a number of outcomes for people
-We use this theory to take a taxonomy of personality
Statistical Approach correct answers Usually lexical or theoretical approach is a starting point,
used as a step number 2 an add on to the other approaches
When you can use statistics to tell you which traits go together to form "factors" (categories)
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis correct answers -Finds which traits "covary" (change together), but are separate
from the other traits
