NRS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm
WELL EXPLAINED.
What is pathophysiology? - *answers* Book Definition: "Pathology is the study and
diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids.
Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living
organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities
in physiologic functioning of living beings.
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response
to therapy? - *answers* Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic
factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical
manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn error of
metabolism. Which would be an expected finding? - *answers* Metabolite accumulation
in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? -
*answers* Cells dismantle and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction, in a
lower extremity wound? - *answers* Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - *answers* of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and with
increased mitotic divisions indicates which of the following: - *answers* dysplasia.
What term should you use when talking with professional colleagues to describe a
change from squamous to columnar epithelium in the esophageal lining due to chronic
acid reflux? - *answers* Metaplasia
When a cell is injured from lack of oxygen - *answers* it may recover if oxygen is
restored before the injury is irreversible.
Hyperplasia is beneficial because it: - *answers* causes cells to become larger and
stronger.
You are preparing a poster on cell aging for an educational poster day at your home
health agency. Which of the following terms should you use to explain the concept that
most cells have a limited number of divisions? - *answers* Telomere
,Billy, age 10, will have his cast removed from his broken arm later today. You explain to
Billy that his arm will probably look different when the cast is removed. It probably will
be: - *answers* smaller, due to muscle atrophy from lack of use
Of the following situations, which one would be an example of a maladaptive cellular
change? - *answers* 44-year-old male with a 60 pack/year smoking history who was
diagnosed with a histological grade-3 lung cancer
A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor
vehicle accident. Which factor has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's
muscle cells? - *answers* A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction
treatment
The nurse is teaching new nursing assistants on the unit about the phenomenon of
muscle hypertrophy. Which client on the unit is most likely to experience muscle
hypertrophy? A client with: - *answers* hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity
intolerance
Which client is at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? - *answers* 44-year-
old non-compliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications
Which student statement demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes
of hypertrophy and hyperplasia? - *answers* "I know that cells, like neurons, have little
capacity for hyperplastic growth"
A nurse in the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe
frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes
that which phenomenon has contributed to his tissue damage? - *answers* Decreased
blood flow has induced hypoxia.
During a myocardial infarction (MI), a client with a 97% occlusion of the left descending
artery develops ventricular dysrhythmias due to the amount of ischemia occurring in the
myocardium. While providing education about MI's, which statement is most accurate to
share with this client? - *answers* Treatment needs to be sought immediately so that
the buildup of lactic acid is limited and cellular changes can be reversed.
Which statement most accurately conveys an aspect of cell injury due to impaired
calcium homeostasis? - *answers* Injured cells tend to accumulate calcium.
The nurse is caring for a client with arterial insufficiency of the left leg with gangrenous
wounds on the second and third toes. What characteristics of the wounds should the
nurse evaluate as expected? Select all that apply. - *answers* A clear demarcation
between the healthy and affected tissue
Diminished pulse strength
Atrophy to the affected toes
Darkened appearance of affected tissue
, Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? - *answers* Muscle mass increase
with exercise
The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells
the smoker that due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, the normal
ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea may transform into stratisfied squamous
epithelial cells as a method of adaptation known as: - *answers* metaplasia
The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of the liver.
Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining
liver cells? - *answers* Compensatory hyperplasia
The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast
tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which
physiologic process? - *answers* Apoptosis
A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the
changes. The nurse states the finding is implicated as a precursor to cancer. Which
finding was most likely on the lab report? - *answers* Dysplasia
Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - *answers* Uterine
enlargement in pregnancy
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse providing
care for the man is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix is playing a role in
his body's fight against the underlying infectious process. Which teaching points should
the nurse eliminate from client education? - *answers* "Inflammation helps your body to
produce the right antibodies to fight the infection."
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen,
reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The client's physician has ordered a complete
blood count and white cell differential. Which blood component would the physician
most likely anticipate to be elevated? - *answers* Neutrophils
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of
inflammation? - *answers* Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move
along blood vessel walls.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the inflammatory
response? - *answers* Histamine
Which aspect of a client's site of inflammation would help the care provider rule out
chronic inflammation? - *answers* Increased neutrophils
WELL EXPLAINED.
What is pathophysiology? - *answers* Book Definition: "Pathology is the study and
diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids.
Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living
organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities
in physiologic functioning of living beings.
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response
to therapy? - *answers* Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic
factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical
manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn error of
metabolism. Which would be an expected finding? - *answers* Metabolite accumulation
in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? -
*answers* Cells dismantle and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction, in a
lower extremity wound? - *answers* Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - *answers* of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and with
increased mitotic divisions indicates which of the following: - *answers* dysplasia.
What term should you use when talking with professional colleagues to describe a
change from squamous to columnar epithelium in the esophageal lining due to chronic
acid reflux? - *answers* Metaplasia
When a cell is injured from lack of oxygen - *answers* it may recover if oxygen is
restored before the injury is irreversible.
Hyperplasia is beneficial because it: - *answers* causes cells to become larger and
stronger.
You are preparing a poster on cell aging for an educational poster day at your home
health agency. Which of the following terms should you use to explain the concept that
most cells have a limited number of divisions? - *answers* Telomere
,Billy, age 10, will have his cast removed from his broken arm later today. You explain to
Billy that his arm will probably look different when the cast is removed. It probably will
be: - *answers* smaller, due to muscle atrophy from lack of use
Of the following situations, which one would be an example of a maladaptive cellular
change? - *answers* 44-year-old male with a 60 pack/year smoking history who was
diagnosed with a histological grade-3 lung cancer
A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor
vehicle accident. Which factor has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's
muscle cells? - *answers* A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction
treatment
The nurse is teaching new nursing assistants on the unit about the phenomenon of
muscle hypertrophy. Which client on the unit is most likely to experience muscle
hypertrophy? A client with: - *answers* hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity
intolerance
Which client is at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? - *answers* 44-year-
old non-compliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications
Which student statement demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes
of hypertrophy and hyperplasia? - *answers* "I know that cells, like neurons, have little
capacity for hyperplastic growth"
A nurse in the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe
frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes
that which phenomenon has contributed to his tissue damage? - *answers* Decreased
blood flow has induced hypoxia.
During a myocardial infarction (MI), a client with a 97% occlusion of the left descending
artery develops ventricular dysrhythmias due to the amount of ischemia occurring in the
myocardium. While providing education about MI's, which statement is most accurate to
share with this client? - *answers* Treatment needs to be sought immediately so that
the buildup of lactic acid is limited and cellular changes can be reversed.
Which statement most accurately conveys an aspect of cell injury due to impaired
calcium homeostasis? - *answers* Injured cells tend to accumulate calcium.
The nurse is caring for a client with arterial insufficiency of the left leg with gangrenous
wounds on the second and third toes. What characteristics of the wounds should the
nurse evaluate as expected? Select all that apply. - *answers* A clear demarcation
between the healthy and affected tissue
Diminished pulse strength
Atrophy to the affected toes
Darkened appearance of affected tissue
, Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? - *answers* Muscle mass increase
with exercise
The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells
the smoker that due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, the normal
ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea may transform into stratisfied squamous
epithelial cells as a method of adaptation known as: - *answers* metaplasia
The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of the liver.
Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining
liver cells? - *answers* Compensatory hyperplasia
The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast
tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which
physiologic process? - *answers* Apoptosis
A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the
changes. The nurse states the finding is implicated as a precursor to cancer. Which
finding was most likely on the lab report? - *answers* Dysplasia
Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - *answers* Uterine
enlargement in pregnancy
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse providing
care for the man is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix is playing a role in
his body's fight against the underlying infectious process. Which teaching points should
the nurse eliminate from client education? - *answers* "Inflammation helps your body to
produce the right antibodies to fight the infection."
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen,
reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The client's physician has ordered a complete
blood count and white cell differential. Which blood component would the physician
most likely anticipate to be elevated? - *answers* Neutrophils
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of
inflammation? - *answers* Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move
along blood vessel walls.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the inflammatory
response? - *answers* Histamine
Which aspect of a client's site of inflammation would help the care provider rule out
chronic inflammation? - *answers* Increased neutrophils
