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Colleges leerjaar 2 blok 10

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Samenvatting van de colleges van fysiotherapie aan de Hogeschool Rotterdam in leerjaar 2 blok 10.

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Colleges jaar 2 blok 10
College 1 – pathofysiologie COPD & diagnostiek
Definition and overview
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmary Disease is a common, preventable and treatable disease
that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is
duet o airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to
noxious particles or gases
o Veel voorkomend, maar te voorkomen  blijkbaar leefstijl geindiceerd
o Behandelbaar
o Komt door blootstelling aan schadelijke deeltjes of gassen
- The most common respiratory syptoms include dysnpea, cough and/or sputum
production. These symptoms may be under-reported by patients
o Vaak dyspneu, hoesten en sputum
o Patiënten geven het niet vaak aan
- The main risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking but other environmental exposures
such as biomass fuel exposure and air pollution may contribute
o Komt vooral door roken
o Ook door omgeving vervuilde lucht
- Besides exposures, host factors predispose individuals to develop COPD. These include
genetic abnormalities, abnormal lung development and accelaerated aging
o Genetisch ook van belang
- COPD may be punctuated by periods of acute worsening of respiratory symptoms,
calles exacerbations
o Exarcebaties en longaanval zijn ‘slechte periodes’
- In most patients, COPD is associated with significant concomitant chronic diseases
which increase its morbidity and mortality
o Ontwikkelen vaak ook meerdere ziektes
 Hart- en vaatziekten

Pathofysiologie
- COPD comprises pathological changes in four different compartments of the lungs
(central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature),
which are variably present in individuals with the disease.
o In verschillende delen vinden veranderingen plaats waardoor problemen
onstaan
- Airflow limitation in COPD is caused by the presence of an inflammatory cellular
infiltrate in the small airways, remodeling and thickening of the airway wall.
o Uiteindelijk beperking in luchtstroom door ontstekingsprocessen
- The destruction of alveoli and enlargement of airspaces, which are anatomical
hallmarks of emphysema, contribute to the loss of elastic recoil and the loss of outward
traction on the small airways, leading to their collapse on expiration. These result in
airflow obstruction, air trapping and hyperinflation.
o Verlies van alveoli zorgt voor toename totale longoppervlak, maar minder
diffusie oppervlak
o Zorgt voor problemen in expiratie ‘mensen gaan zich opblazen’
- In general, the inflammatory and structural changes in the airways increase with
disease severity and persist even after smoking cessation.

, o Ontstekingsprocessen zorgt voor structurele veranderingen

Reminder: luchtwegvertakkingen
1. Trachea
2. Bronchien
3. Bronchiolie
4. Terminale bronchiën
5. Alveoli (longblaasjes) (23e vertakking)

Pathofysiologie: de basis
- Schadelijke gassen komen op binnenste bekleding (mucus)
o Mucus vangt dit normaal op, en zorgt via haartjes dat het weg gaat
- Door toename schadelijke gassen, reageert epitheel en is er schade
o Epitheel wordt dikker
o Diameter wordt kleiner
- Slijmbekercellen reageren ook
o Maken normaal mucus
o Worden overactief dikkere laag mucus en dus ook zwaarder
 Trilharen kunnen zware mucus niet meer transporteren
 Steeds meer slijm in luchtwegen waar bacteriën kunnen gaan
‘broeien’

Pathofysiologie
- Centrale en perifere luchtwegen
o Vanaf 15e vertakking vindt gasuitwisseling plaats, daarna steeds meer

Astma valt niet onder COPD
- Dan is zowel de inademing als de uitademing bemoeilijkt
- Spiertjes om luchtwegen heen spannen continu aan
- Ventolin zorgt voor ontspanning van die spiertjes
- Bij astma zijn je luchtwegen niet blijvend beschadigd  reversibel

Normaal stevige structuur in alveoli
- Bij COPD niet  minder diffusieoppervlak (=emfyseem)

Pathofysiologie:
- Lung parenchyma & pulmonary vasculature
o “The destruction of alveoli and enlargement of airspaces, which are anatomical
hallmarks of emphysema, contribute to the loss of elastic recoil and the loss of
outward traction on the small airways, leading to their collapse on expiration.
These result in airflow obstruction, air trapping and hyperinflation.”

Pathofysiologie: airflow limitation in COPD is caused by the presence of an inflammatory
cellular infiltrate in the small airways, remodelling and thickening of the airway wall.
- Inademen gaat goedspiertjes ontspannen
- Uitademen niet  te smalle luchtwegdiameter
o Mensen zijn zich aan het opblazen

COPD – tekens en symptomen
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