Ptat 2210 exam QUESTIONS AND
CORTRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2024-
2025
goniometry
measurement of angles
optokinetic
gross movement of the shafts of bony segments, described in terms of the angular
motion produced as the movement occurs around a fixed axis
ROM (range of motion)
arc of motion that occurs at a joint or a series of joints
0-to-180-degree system
UE/LE joints are at 0 degrees for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction and
then arc toward 180 degrees; for joints that rotate, 0 degrees is considered to be
halfway between normal ranges
AROM (active range of motion)
motion produced without assistance
limitations can be from:
weakness in muscle or tightness of ligaments, joint capsule, bursa, fascia or skin;
adaptive shortening; pain from stretching tight, non-contractile tissues or
contractile tissues (muscles and tendons)
PROM (passive range of motion)
motion produced by the application of an external force
hypomobility
refers to a decrease in ROM that is substantially less than normal values for that
joint
,hypermobility
the ability of one or more joints to actively or passively move beyond normal
limits; due to laxity of soft tissue structures that normally prevent excessive
motion at a joint.
factors affecting ROM:
age, gender, active/passive motion, BMI, occupation/activities, positioning,
instruments, experience, time of day
testing positions
positions of the body recommended for obtaining both goniometric and muscle
length measurements; place the joints in a zero starting position
stabilization
ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement
bony landmarks
attachment points for muscles or passageways for blood vessels and nerves that
are used as palpable reference points when locating structures during palpation or
viewing the body during a posture assessment.
performing goniometry:
know testing positions, where to stabilize, how to move through ROM, joint
structure/function, normal end feels, palpate bony landmarks, align instruments,
record results correctly
normal end feel
soft, firm, hard
fulcrum
the fixed point around which a lever pivots
reliability
consistency between successive measurements.
Intratester reliability
, consistency of measuring using the same tester
intertester reliability
consistency of measuring between two or more different testers
how to increase reliability
use consistent positions.
use consistent standard landmarks.
use the same type of goniometer.
use a goni that is suitable for that sized joint.
if you are inexperienced, take several measurements rather than a single one.
get eye level with your goni.
eyeball your measurement first so you'll know if you are reading the goni wrong.
universal goniometer
The instrument most commonly used to measure joint position and motion in the
clinical setting.
inclinometer
gravity-dependent goniometer used to measure the angle between the long axis
of the moving segment and the line of gravity
visual estimation
examiner visually estimates joint motion rather than using an instrument;
subjective and should not be recorded as an actual measurement
documenting measurements
document the measurement, not just the motion. Ex: joint has 0
degrees/extension and 150 degrees/flexion, with 20 degrees of hyperextension.
Measurement: 20-0-150
manual muscle testing purpose
a grading system that tests the action rather than the specific muscle
CORTRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2024-
2025
goniometry
measurement of angles
optokinetic
gross movement of the shafts of bony segments, described in terms of the angular
motion produced as the movement occurs around a fixed axis
ROM (range of motion)
arc of motion that occurs at a joint or a series of joints
0-to-180-degree system
UE/LE joints are at 0 degrees for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction and
then arc toward 180 degrees; for joints that rotate, 0 degrees is considered to be
halfway between normal ranges
AROM (active range of motion)
motion produced without assistance
limitations can be from:
weakness in muscle or tightness of ligaments, joint capsule, bursa, fascia or skin;
adaptive shortening; pain from stretching tight, non-contractile tissues or
contractile tissues (muscles and tendons)
PROM (passive range of motion)
motion produced by the application of an external force
hypomobility
refers to a decrease in ROM that is substantially less than normal values for that
joint
,hypermobility
the ability of one or more joints to actively or passively move beyond normal
limits; due to laxity of soft tissue structures that normally prevent excessive
motion at a joint.
factors affecting ROM:
age, gender, active/passive motion, BMI, occupation/activities, positioning,
instruments, experience, time of day
testing positions
positions of the body recommended for obtaining both goniometric and muscle
length measurements; place the joints in a zero starting position
stabilization
ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement
bony landmarks
attachment points for muscles or passageways for blood vessels and nerves that
are used as palpable reference points when locating structures during palpation or
viewing the body during a posture assessment.
performing goniometry:
know testing positions, where to stabilize, how to move through ROM, joint
structure/function, normal end feels, palpate bony landmarks, align instruments,
record results correctly
normal end feel
soft, firm, hard
fulcrum
the fixed point around which a lever pivots
reliability
consistency between successive measurements.
Intratester reliability
, consistency of measuring using the same tester
intertester reliability
consistency of measuring between two or more different testers
how to increase reliability
use consistent positions.
use consistent standard landmarks.
use the same type of goniometer.
use a goni that is suitable for that sized joint.
if you are inexperienced, take several measurements rather than a single one.
get eye level with your goni.
eyeball your measurement first so you'll know if you are reading the goni wrong.
universal goniometer
The instrument most commonly used to measure joint position and motion in the
clinical setting.
inclinometer
gravity-dependent goniometer used to measure the angle between the long axis
of the moving segment and the line of gravity
visual estimation
examiner visually estimates joint motion rather than using an instrument;
subjective and should not be recorded as an actual measurement
documenting measurements
document the measurement, not just the motion. Ex: joint has 0
degrees/extension and 150 degrees/flexion, with 20 degrees of hyperextension.
Measurement: 20-0-150
manual muscle testing purpose
a grading system that tests the action rather than the specific muscle
