NASM CPT Final Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Solutions) Latest Update 2023

NASM CPT Final Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Solutions) Latest Update 2023 the midline of the body - correct answers Medial further away from the midline of the body - correct answers distal closer to the midline of the body - correct answers proximal on the same side of the body - correct answers ipsilateral on the opposite side of the body - correct answers contralateralbelow the midline - correct answers inferior above the midline - correct answers superior front of the body - correct answers anterior back of the body - correct answers posterior Senses Muscle Tension Relaxes muscle in response Normal reaction to avoid injury - correct answers Golgi Tendon Organs Hollow, muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhytmic contraction. Positioned in thoracic cavity, lying anteriorly(in front) to the spine and posteriorly(behind) the sternum. - correct answers Structure of the heart Superior(upper) chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins and forces it into ventricles. Deoxygenated blood. - correct answers AtriumInferior(lower) chamber of the heart receives blood from its corresponding atrium and forces blood into arteries. - correct answers ventricles pressure where the arteries are filling with blood. bottom number in a blood test - correct answers Diastolic top number in a blood test. - correct answers systolic 120/80 or less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic - correct answers Healthy Diastolic and Systolic pressure ranges soft tissue models along the lines of stress - correct answers Davis Law a sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together 2. the Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber. - correct answers Sliding Filament theorysplit the body to left and right sides - correct answers saggital plane of motion split the body front and back halfs - correct answers frontal split the body the top and bottom halves - correct answers transverse bicep curls, Leg Extensions and Leg Curls. Leg extensions and leg curls target your quadriceps and hamstrings, respectively. ... Front Dumbbell Raises. ... Crunches. ... Barbell Biceps Curls. - correct answers exercises in the saggital plane of motion side lunge, lateral dumbbell raise, ice skater - correct answers exercises in the frontal plane of motionrotation, wood-chop throw, medicine ball rotation chest pass - correct answers exercises in the transverse plane of motion consume 3L of water a day. That's 13 cups. Consume sports drink if longer than 60 minutes of exercise. 8% carbs. 16-24 fl oz for every pound of body weight lost after exercise. - correct answers Hydrogen concepts for water and sports drinks Small decreases in food and beverage calories and increase physical activity. Distribute protein, carbs, and fat throughout day. Consume less than 10% of cals from saturated fat. Choose whole grains and fiber rich fruits and veggies over refined grains and simple sugars. Limit alcohol. Schedule no fewer than four and as many as six meals a day. Avoid empty calories and highly processed foods. Drink plenty of water(minimum 9 to 13 cups a day) Have clients weigh and measure food at least 1 week. Make them more aware of caloric values and serving sizes. - correct answers best ways to achieve weight loss through nutritional conceptsProtein: 10-35% Fat: 20-35% Carbohydrate: 45-65% - correct answers Recommended macronutrient percentages 6 and 10g/kg/day of carbs is recommended. 45 to 65% of total caloric intake. Complex carbs constitute majority of calories. Before exercise consume high carb meal 2 to 4 hours. Glycogen stores are lowered by as much as 80% in the mornings. Endurance athletes consume between 30 and 60g of carbs every hour to maintain blood glucose levels. - correct answers best time to consume macronutrients during activity carbs- 4 calories/gram fats- 9 calories/gram protein- 4 calories/gram - correct answers calories per gram in each macronutrienta baked potato - correct answers what should you eat 2 hours before a workout to ensure you have enough glycogen stored a 90 minute endurance- aerobic metabolism a 40 yd sprint: ATP phosphocreatine - correct answers • Energy pathways and when they are utilized in exercise (e.g., which ones are most likely being used during a 40-yard sprint vs. a 90-minute endurance race?). We are not to diagnose, treat, or make up any meal plans. We refer a licensed physician, therapist, and dietician. - correct answers Scope of Practice of a fitness professional and nutrition. Knees Abduct - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Biceps Femoris, Iliopsoas, Piriformis Weak Musculature: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus Knees Abduct - Corrective StrategiesSMR and Static/Active Stretch: Ilipsoas, Biceps Femoris, Piriformis Core Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Balance Progression: Single-leg Balance, Single-leg Reach, Single-leg Squat Asymmetrical Weight Shifting - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Biceps Femoris, Adductors, Iliotibial Band, Ilipsoas, Piriformis Weak Musculature: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Transversus Abdominis, Multifidi Asymmetrical Weight Shifting - Corrective Strategies SMR and Static/Active Stretch: Ilipsoas, Biceps Femoris, Piriformis Core Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Balance Progression: Single-leg Balance, Single-leg Reach, Single-leg Squat*Low Back Arches (Anterior Tilt) - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Hip Flexor Complex, Erector Spinae, Latissimus Dorsi Weak Musculature: Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings, Intrinsic Core Stabilizers (Transverse Abdominus, Multifidus, Transversospinalis, Internal Obliques, Pelvic Floor Muscles) *Low Back Arches (Anterior Tilt) - Corre - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive gathered from a propsective client to give the personal trainer feedback regarding personal history - such as occupation, lifestyle, and medical background. - correct answers subjective assessments Physiological Measurements-Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Body Composition- Body Fat Percentage,Circumference Measurements, Waist to Hip Ratio, Body Mass Index Cardiorespiratory Assessments- YMCA 3 Minute Step Test, Rockport Walk TestStatic Posture Assessments- Kinetic Chain Check Points Movement Assessments (Dynamic Posture)- Overhead Squat Assessment, Single Leg Squat, Pushing and Pulling Assessments Performance Assessments- Push Up Test, Davies Test, Shark Skill Test, Bench Press, and lastly squat. - correct answers objective assessments refers to the relative % of body weight that is fat VS fat-free tissue - correct answers body composition 15% - correct answers What is the recommended BF for men? 25% - correct answers What is the recommended BF for women? Bicep vertical, tricep vertical, subscapular 45 degree fold, iliac crest 45 degree fold - correct answers The Durnin-Womersely skinfold measurement siteswhen someone is too obese for the skinfold measurement or the underwater weighing - correct answers Reasons for taking circumference measurements when weak prime mover muscles slow down secondary muscles pick up the slack. - correct answers Synergistic dominance. simultaneous relaxation of one muscle and the contraction of its antagonist to allow movement to take place. - correct answers reciprocal inhibition l(inside wrist). - correct answers protocol for measuring a person's radial pulse blood pressure 120/.80 and heart rate 60-100 bpm - correct answers Normal ranges for heart rate and blood pressure. Push, pull, overhead squat Single-leg squat or balance - correct answers Assessments that can be performed on special populations (e.g., apregnant client) core, flexibility, saq, plyometric, balance, resistance - correct answers Correct exercises in relation to the OPT model Corrective flexibility is designed to increase joint ROM, improve muscle imbalances, and correct altered joint motion. Corrective flexibility includes self-myofascial release(foam roll) techniques and static stretching. Selfmyofascial release uses the principle of autogenic inhibition to cause muscle relaxation, whereas static stretching can use either autogenic inhibition or reciprocal inhibition to increase muscle length depending on how the stretch is performed. Corrective flexibility is appropriate at the stabilization level (phase I) of the OPT model. - correct answers Corrective flexibility Active flexibility uses self-myofascial release and active-isolated stretching techniques. Active-isolated stretching is designed to improve the extensibility of soft tissue and increase neuromuscular efficiency by using reciprocal inhibition. Active-isolated stretching allows for agonists and synergists muscles to move a limb through a full range of motion while functional antagonists are being stretched. For example, supine straight-leg raise uses hip flexors and quads to raise leg and hold it unsupported, whielantagonist hamstring complex is stretched. Active flexibility appropriate at strength levels(phase 2,3, and 4) of OPT model. - correct answers Active Flexibility Functional flexibility uses self-myofascial release techniques and dynamic stretching. Dynamic stretching requires integrated, multiplanar soft tissue extensibility, with optimal neuromuscular control, through the full range of motion, or essentially movement without compensations. Therefore, if clients are compensating when performing dynamic stretches during training, then they need to be regressed to active or corrective flexibility. Appropriate at power leve(level 5 - correct answers Functional Flexibility Overhead squats 10 push ups (if 10 cannot be performed, do as many as can be tolerated) Single-leg stance (if can tolerate perform 3-5 single-leg squats per leg)Progression for the youth population should be based on postural control and not on the amount of weight that can be used. Make exercising fun! - correct answers youth programming Muscular endurance and stabilization is best developed with intensity of 50 to 70% 1RMHypertrophy achieved with 75 to 85% 1RM Maximal strength with 85 to 100% 1RM Power with 30 to 45% 1RM - correct answers acute variables for each opt phase While performing cable rotation, in order to decrease stress to the low back, it is important to pivot the back leg into triple extension: hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion - correct answers The concept of triple extension is and how it applies to exercise spot the wrists on a strength exercise - correct answers Aspects of proper spotting technique. Muscular endurance and stabilization is best developed with slow rep tempo. One example would be 4 sec eccentric, 2 sec isometric, 1 sec concentric(4/2/1). Hypertrophy is achieved at moderate tempo, one example would be 2 second eccentric, 0 isometric, and 2 second concentric.(2/0/2) - correct answers Appropriate tempo for all ctive, active, and functional - correct answers The Flexibility Continuum never have exercised and dont plan to - correct answers precontemplation stage transthoeretical model never have exercised might take action but no certainty - correct answers contemplation stage transthoeretical model plan to take action within the next 6 months - correct answers preparation stage transthoeretical model exercise regularly but it hasnt been for 6months just yet. plan to maintain - correct answers action stage transthoeretical model have exercised regularly for more than six months and have maintained a healthy lifestyle. - correct answers maintenance stage transthoeretical modelmaintained a healthy lifestyle and will not give in to the temptations to go back to their old ways. - correct answers termination stage transthoeretical model Specific - clearly defined in such a way anyone could understand what the intended outcome is. Detailed description of what is to be accomplished. Measureable - Quantifiable. Establish a way to access the progress toward each goal. If goal cannot be measured a client cannot manage it. Attainable - Right mix of goals that are challenging, but not extreme. Realistic - Repesent objective toward which an individual is both willing and able to work. Timely - Always have a specific date of completion. Realistic but not too distant in the future. - correct answers SMART goals Difference between success and failure in relationship between trainer and his or her client. Nonverbal and verbal communication - posture, body language, verbal must be clear to be understood correctly. Active listening - genuine interest in client's perspective and getting to know them. Pay attention, avoid distractions, look the speaker in the eye.Asking questions - ask open not close ended questions. Reflecting - Express the purported meaning of what you just heard. Make sure client is accurately understood. Summarizing - Draws all important points of conversation together and again allow clients to clarify either what they have said or how someone has interpreted what they have said. Affirmations show appreciation for clients and their strengths. Listen carefully to know what to affirm. Validate positive comments about their thoughts, plans, skills. Asking permission - ask permission to share information. - correct answers coaching and communication strategies Help clients become aware of their negative thought process. Help clients come up with list of positive thoughts they might use with regard to exercise. Train clients to notice negative thoughts, stop negative thoughts, and translate those into something positive. - correct answers Positive selftalk process created to produce internalized experiences to support or enhance exercise participation. Clients can imagine themselves approaching their activity with greater confidence. Visualize performing with greater relaxationand muscle control. Rehearse positive outcomes. - correct answers Exercise imagery Self-monitoring -usually done in the form of daily written record of the behavior that a client is trying to change -exercise log -inclue time, exercises, calories expended, and perceived heart rate, how much sleep at night, type of foods eaten, emotional feelings Psyching Up -use other techniques used to get psyched up for other situation in life -important to use outside examples of how your client gets psyched up for work, shopping, projects -list of positive thoughts, keywords, imagery, specific food, music -figuring out what works in different situations on different days and during different times - correct answers Application to goal-setting principles (e.g., what can a trainer do to help a client reach their goals?).I wanna run a five k in 45 days - correct answers smart goal 2.0 CEUs every 2 years - correct answers recertification is not part of our scope of practice. we refer to a licensed dietician - correct answers meal planning not part of our scope of practice refer to a licensed physician - correct answers • Diagnosing disease or injury athletic trainer, doctor, and dietician massage therapist - correct answers Likely referral sources for a personal trainer. Feet Flatten - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Gastrocnemius, Peroneals Weak Musculature: Gluteus Medius, Anterior Tibialis, Posterior Tibialis Feet Flatten - Corrective Strategies SMR and Static/Active Stretch: Gastrocnemius, PeronealsCore Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Balance Progression: Single-leg Balance, Single-leg Reach, Single-leg Squat - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive Heels Elevate - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Peroneals Weak Musculature: Anterior Tibialis, Posterior Tibialis Heels Elevate - Corrective Strategies SMR and Static/Active Stretch: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Peroneals Core Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Balance Progression: Single leg Balance, Single-leg Balance Reach - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive*Feet Turn Out - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Lateral Gastrocnemius, Bicep Femoris (short head) Weak Musculature: medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstring, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus *Feet Turn Out - Corrective Strategies SMR and Static/Active Stretch: Lateral Gastrocnemius, Bicep Femoris (short head) Core Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Balance Progression: Single-leg Balance, Single-leg Reach, Single-leg Squat - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive *Knees Adduct - Tight and Weak Musculature Tight Musculature: Adductor Complex, Bicep femoris (short head), TFL, Vastus LateralisWeak Musculature: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Vastus Medialis Obliques *Knees Adduct - Corrective Strategies SMR and Static/Active Stretch: Adductor Complex, Bicep femoris (short head), TFL, Vastus lateralis, Iliotibial Bands Core Strengthening Exercises: Bridge Resistance Strengthening: Tube Walking Balance Progression: Single-leg Balance, Single-leg Reach, Single-leg Squat - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive - correct answers muscle imbalances: overactive vs underactive increased ability to perform more exercise in less time w/out undue fatigue or excessive soreness - correct answers exercise toleranceexercise that improves w/ effective and efficient energy storage and delivery for physical activity - correct answers metabolic conditioning the accumulation of excessive hydrogen ions in the body, causing increased acidity of the blood and muscle. - correct answers acidosis the area within an object at which the weight is equally balanced in all directions generally around the navel. - correct answers center of gravity (COG) web of connective tissues that wraps and surrounds muscle fibers, bones, nerves, and blood vessels. The myofascial system covers individual muscle as well as connecting groups of larger muscles together. - correct answers fascia systematic implementation of flexibility, core, balance, reactive, and SAQ training principles prior to completing the remaining majority portion of the workout. - correct answers movement preparationlength of the workout and the amount of time spent in a particular phase of training. - correct answers training duration the # of sessions performed in a given period - correct answers training frequency circuit applied to more conditioned clients allowing alternating body parts to be trained starting from the upper extremity and moving to the lower extremity with little to no rest in between. - correct answers vertical loading performing all sets of an exercise or body part before moving onto the next exercise or body part. - correct answers horizontal loading an acute variable where requirement is to hold a specific pose or posture for a specified period of time. - correct answers timed hold the amount of time from the beginning of one resistance training set to the end without breaking - correct answers time under tension (TUT)the ability to recognized bodily movement and position. - correct answers proprioception the muscles ability to contract for an extended period of time and the ability to produce and maintain force production over prelonged periods of time. - correct answers muscular endurance the application of various behavior change and communication strategies with clients that leads to increased accountability and motivation - correct answers fitness coaching the period of time where you dont train. - correct answers offseason games or comps period. - correct answers competitive season form of periodization that provides changes in the acute variables of workouts to achieve different goals on a daily or weekly basis - correct answers undulating periodizationclassic or traditional strength and power programming that begins with high volume low intensity training and progresses toward low volume high intensity training. - correct answers Linear periodization division of a training program into smaller progressive stages. - correct answers periodization choosing exercises - correct answers exercise selection the part in the workout where you take a break - correct answers rest period an individuals level of effort compared with his or her max effort, usually expressed as a percentage. - correct answers training intensity the amount of weight being lifted - correct answers load the total amount of work performed within a specified time. - correct answers training volumea method of increasing the ability of the muscles to generate force. - correct answers progressive resistance exercise (PRE) hormone provided during pregnancy relaxes and softens ligaments. - correct answers relaxin the scapula protrudes from the back in an abnormal position. - correct answers scapular winging on one leg to assess dynamic flexibility, core strength, balance, and overall neuromuscular control. - correct answers single leg squat asssessment knees move forward and in "knock knees" - correct answers knee valgus assesses dynamic flexibilty, core strength, balance and overall neuromuscular control. - correct answers overhead squat assessmentassessment for dynamic posture. - correct answers transitional movement assessment outward curvature of the thoracic spine by which the spine is bent forward. - correct answers kyphotic curve proportion and balance between two items or two sides - correct answers symmetry postural distortion syndrome forward head and rounded shoulders - correct answers upper crossed syndrome postural distortion syndrome characterized by an anterior tilt to the pelvis - correct answers lower crossed syndrome characterized by foot pronation and adducted and internally rotated knees - correct answers pronation distortion syndromecommon postural misalignments and muscle imbalances that individuals develop based on a variety of factors. - correct answers postural distortion patterns the human movement system way of finding the path of the least resistant during movement. - correct answers relative flexibility altered joint motion caused by altered length tension relationships and force couple relationships that affects the joints and causes poor movement efficiency. - correct answers altered arthrokinematics when the kinetic chain is not performing optimally to control the body in all three planes of motion - correct answers altered neuromuscular efficiency the ability of the neuromuscular system to perform functional tasks with the least amount of energy, decreasing stress on the body's structure. - correct answers functional efficiency the state or quality of being dedicated - correct answers committmenta question that cant just be answered yes or no - correct answers open ended question a rough assessment based on the concept that a persons weight should be proportional to a persons height - correct answers body mass index (bmi) the relative percentage of body weight that is fat vs fat free tissue. - correct answers body composition the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels after blood is ejected from the heart. - correct answers blood pressure the force created by blood moving or pulsating through the arteries each time the heart contracts - correct answers pulse goods and services that sare similar and share a beneficial relationship with another product or service - correct answers complementary goods and servicesprocess where trainers and or managers apply specific percentages based on previous performance to predict future sales or other measurable outcomes such as sessions serviced. - correct answers forecasting an existing client that purchases more training and wants to continue. - correct answers re-sign they have purchased a training package and therefore are a member. - correct answers point of sale client the aspect of relationship characterized by similarity, agreement., and congruity - correct answers rapport activities used to find more clients. - correct answers prospecting individuals who have shown an interest in personal training services - correct answers leadsa part of an organization with assignable revenues and costs and hence ascertainable profitability - correct answers profit center a complete product or service that is ready for immediate use. - correct answers turn key revenue beyond the sale of memberships and services generated by the direct sale of products to customers. - correct answers ancillary revenue activities that create opportunitiues for future sales - correct answers driver of sales a companys overall sales or revenues. before any discounts or returns - correct answers top line activities involved in the day to day functions of a business that dont directly generate revenue. - correct answers operationsstudy of personalities, values, opinions, attitudes, interest, and lifestyles. - correct answers psychographics statistical data relating to the population and the particular groups in it. - correct answers demographics series of exercises performed in a order to ensure a fulll body resistance training session combined with cardio exercise. - correct answers circuit training ABILITY OT PRODUCE A LARGE AMOUNT OF FORCE IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME. - correct answers POWER THE MAX FORCE OF A MUSCLE CAN PRODUCE IN A SINGLE VOLUNTARY, EFFORT REGARDLESS THE RATE OF FORCE PRODUCTION. - correct answers MAX STRENGTH ABILITY OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM TO PROVIDE INTERNAL TENSION AND EXERT FORCE AGAINST EXTERNAL RESISTANCE. - correct answers STRENGTHONE MOTOR NEURON AND THE MUSCLE FIBERS IT CONNECTS WITH - correct answers MOTOR UNIT ABILITY TO REACT TO A STIMULUS WITH AN APROPRIATE MUSCULAR RESPONSE WITHOUT HESITATION - correct answers QUICKNESS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN CENTER OF GRAVITY OVER A CHANGING BASE OF SUPPORT WHILE CHANGING DIRECTION AT VARIOUS SPEEDS - correct answers AGILITY DISTANCE COVERED WITH EACH STRIDE. - correct answers STRIDE LENGTH NUMBER OF STRIDES TAKEN IN A GIVEN TIME PERIOD OR DISTANCE. - correct answers STRIDE RATE STRAIGHT AHEAD VELOCITY - correct answers SPEEDSECOND PHASE OF THE INTEGRATED PERFORMANCE PARADIGM REQUIRING AN ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION - correct answers AMORTIZATION PHASE A FORCEFUL CYCLE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION THAT INVOLVES ECCENTRIC LOADING OF THE MUSCLE, ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION, AND CONCENTRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION. - correct answers INTEGRATED PERFORMANCE PARADIGM, STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE THE SIMULTANEOUS RECRUITMENT OF MULTIPLE MOTOR UNITS RESULTING IN MORE MUSCLE TISSUE CONTRACTING AT THE SAME TIME. - correct answers MOTOR UNIT SYNCHRONIZATION THE NUMBER OF ACTIVATION SIGNALS SENT TO A SINGLE MOTOR UNIT IN 1 SECOND. - correct answers FIRING FREQUENCY THE ACTIVATION OF MOTOR UNITS IN A SUCCESSIVE MANNER TO PRODUCE MORE STRENGTH. - correct answers MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENTABILITY OF THE MUSCLES OT EXERT MAX FORCE OUTPUT IN A MINIMAL AMOUNT OF TIME. - correct answers RATE OF FORCE PRODUCTION EXERCISES THAT USE QUICK, POWERFUL MOVEMENTS INVOLVING AN ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY AN EXPLOSIVE CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION - correct answers REACTIVE TRAINING THE ABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO GATHER AND INTERPRET INFO TO ANTICIPATE AND EXECUTE THE PROPER MOTOR RESPONSE. - correct answers SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION ability to prepare, maintain, anticipate, and restore stability at each joint - correct answers joint stability prepare, maintain, anticipate. and restore stability in the entire human movement system - correct answers postural stability functional unit of the nervous system - correct answers neuronportion of the neuron that is responsible for gathering info from other structures. - correct answers dendrite the portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex - correct answers cell body receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change. - correct answers muscle spindles the cumulative sensory input to the cns from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements - correct answers proprioception sensory receptors resposible for sensing distortion in body tissues - correct answers mechanoreceptors only located within the spinal cord and brain, receive impulses from afferent neurons and conduct back out to produce motor efferent response. - correct answers interneuronsmotor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract. - correct answers efferent neurons nerve impulse that move toward the spinal cord and brain from the periphery of the body and are sensory in nature. - correct answers afferent neurons the consecutive linking of neurons by electrochemical signals that travel throughout the nerve fiber. - correct answers nerve impulses a cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons or effector sites - correct answers axon ability of fat to mix with water - correct answers emulsification a simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. colorless, odorless viscous liquid glycerol backbone triglycerides. - correct answers glycerolpromote blood clot and cell membrane formation - correct answers omega 6 fatty acids anti-inflammatory effects help to decrease blood clotting - correct answers omega 3 fatty acids several spots where it is missing - correct answers polyunsaturated fatty acids have areas that are not completely saturated with it and therefore have double bonds where Hydrogen is missing. - correct answers unsaturated fatty acids chain of carbons that is saturated with all of the H that it can hold. no double bonds - correct answers saturated fat an alkyl derived from methane one c atom 3 H atoms - correct answers methyl group -CH3a carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond to an oxygen atom by a double bond. - correct answers carboxyl group COOH a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules - correct answers sterols type of lipid in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of hte several nitrogen containing molecules - correct answers phospholipid the chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. - correct answers triglyceride a chain of carbons linked or bonded together and the building blocks of fat within the human body - correct answers fatty acid a group of compounds that includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols - correct answers lipidsconsuming two or more incomplete proteins together to provide needed amino acids - correct answers complementary proteins does not contain all of the essential amino acids - correct answers incomplete protein does contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs - correct answers complete proteins nonessential amino acids cannot be produce because of disease must be acquired in food. - correct answers conditionally essential amino acids produced by the body - correct answers nonessential amino acids amino acids that cant be made by the body. - correct answers essential amino acidsthe building blocks of proteins composed of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R-group. - correct answers amino acids larger chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. serve several essential functional roles in the body - correct answers protein the nutrient content of a food relative to its calories. - correct answers nutrient density sweetener made from corn starch converted to fructose in food processing - correct answers high fructose corn syrup blood sugar, the sugar that is transported in the body to supply energy to the body's cells - correct answers blood glucose a complex carb that is stored in the liver and muscle cells. When carb energy in needed, glycogen converted into glucose for use by muscle cells. - correct answers glycogensugar produced in the breakdown of starch. - correct answers maltose sugar present in milk glucose and galactose - correct answers lactose table sugar glucose and fructose - correct answers sucrose combine with glucose in lactose - correct answers galactose fruit sugar - correct answers fructose a simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbs, fats, and protein that serves as the body's main source of fuel. - correct answers glucose a carb with less that 10 carbon/water units. Glucose, sucrose, lactose, galactose. maltose, and fructose. - correct answers simple carb a carb with more than 10 carbon/water units. fiber and starch found in whole grains and veggies. - correct answers complex carbnutrients that provide calories - correct answers macronutrients a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories. It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of a kilogram or liter of water by 1 degree celsius. - correct answers kilocalories scientific unit of measure. - correct answers calorie cells that have hormone specific receptors, ensuring that each hormone will communicate only with specific target cells - correct answers target cells chemical messengers that enter the bloodstream to attach to target tissues and target organs. - correct answers hormones an organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, such as mood, growth and development, tissue function or metabolism. - correct answers glandshighest rate of oxygen transport and utilization at max physical exertion. - correct answers max oxygen consumption smallest blood vessels and the site of water gas exchange between blood/tissues. - correct answers capillaries hr multiplied by stroke volume measure of overall performance of the heart. - correct answers cardiac output rate at which the heart pumps - correct answers heart rate amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. - correct answers stroke volume valves that allow for proper blood flow from the atria to the ventricles. - correct answers atrioventricular valves vessels that transport blood away from the heart - correct answers arteriesvessels that transport blood from capillaries towards the heart. - correct answers veins small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located on the wall of the right atrium of the heart that receives impulses from the SA node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles. - correct answers atrioventricular node a specialized area of cardiac tissue located in the right atrium that initiates the electrical impulses that determine heart rate pacemaker for the heart. - correct answers sinoatrial node lungs and respiratory passages collect oxygen from the ext environment and transport it into the bloodstream. - correct answers respiratory system heart blood and blood vessels - correct answers cardiovascular system cardiovascular and respiratory systems - correct answers cardiorespiratory systemthe neuromotor response of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity that serves to orient the body region in response to head position and visual cues. - correct answers pelvo-occular reflex term coined by Buckminster Fuller, skeletal structure, compression and tensionare used to give structure its form providing stability and efficiency in mass and environment. - correct answers tensegrity process by which a short muscle, a tight muscle and or myofascial adhesions in the muscle cause decreased neural drive of its functional antagonist. - correct answers altered reciprocal inhibition decrease in normal movement and functionality of a joint affects range of motion. - correct answers hypomobility frequent immobility which holds the potential for repetitive stress injuries - correct answers repetitive lack of motionless than optimal body positioning that when repeated reinforces poor motor patterns and can lead to abnormal stress and pattern overload. - correct answers suboptimal positioning a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control and muscle imbalances. - correct answers cumulative injury cycle injury due to pattern overload. - correct answers repetitive stress injury repetitive physical activity that moves through the same patterns of motion placing the same stresses on the body over time. - correct answers pattern overload the range through which a joint may by freely moved with no resistance or pain. - correct answers range of motion ROM the exam of how biological structure integrity may occur. - correct answers biotensegrityposition and bearing of the body for alignment and function of the kinetic chain. - correct answers posture the combo and interrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems to create movement. - correct answers kinetic chain motor response to internal and external environment stimuli - correct answers motor behavior response to stimuli that activates movement in organs or muscles - correct answers motor output muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint - correct answers force couple relationship the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at that resting length - correct answers length tension relationshipsmuscles who primarily provide joint support and stabilization - correct answers stabilization system joints with no joint cavity connective tissue or cartilage - correct answers nonsynovial joints joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments movement in the body - correct answers synovial joints motions of the joints in the body - correct answers arthrokinematics portion of the skeleton that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including upper and lower extremities. - correct answers apendicular skeleton portion of the skeletal system consists of the bones of the skull, ribcage and vertebral column - correct answers axial skeleton connective tissue muscle to bone - correct answers tendonstrong connective tissue that connects bone to bone. - correct answers ligament muscles that oppose the prime mover - correct answers antagonists muscles that minimize unwanted movement while the agonist and synergists work to provide movement at the joint. - correct answers stabilizers muscles that assist the prime mover in a joint action - correct answers synergists muscles that work as the prime mover in an exercise - correct answers agonists the ability to stretch linearly - correct answers viscoelastic receptors in and around a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration at the joint - correct answers joint receptorson back face upwards - correct answers supine multijoint exercise involves flexion at the hip, knee and ankle - correct answers triple flexion extension at hip knee and ankle - correct answers triple extension starting point from which an individual moves - correct answers static posture occuring in more than one plane of motion - correct answers multiplanar production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while shortening in length. - correct answers concentric activation muscle tension that is generated by its contractile elements - correct answers active forcethe production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while maintaining a constant length. - correct answers isometric activation the production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while lengthening - correct answers eccentric activation muscle's primary function and a muscle action produced at a joint when a muscle is being concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment. - correct answers isolated function action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction - correct answers eccentric function the coordination of muscles to produce. reduce and stabilize forces in multiple planes for efficient and safe movement. - correct answers integrated function biomechanics term that involves the study of forces - correct answers kineticspush or pull that can create stop or change movement - correct answers force the amount of matter in an object or physical body - correct answers Mass has mass and takes up space - correct answers matter the rate at which an object is increasing in speed - correct answers acceleration the amount of force gravity has on the body - correct answers weight a relatively rigid rod or bar that rotates around a fulcrum, pivot point - correct answers lever the rotary or rotational effect that a force has around an axis - correct answers torquethe amount of time a muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements - correct answers tempo speed at which a rep is performed - correct answers repetition tempo direction in which muscle is pulled - correct answers line of pull muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscles longitudinal axis - correct answers parallel muscle muscle with fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscles longitudinal axis - correct answers pennate muscle the relatively stationary attachment site where muscle attaches begins - correct answers origin the relatively mobile attachment site. - correct answers insertiona white tendinous sheet that attaches muscle to bone - correct answers aponeurosis midregion between the origin and insertion - correct answers muscle belly the incorrect or improper alignment of the joints in a body without movements - correct answers malalignment referring to having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action - correct answers overactive less active during a joint action - correct answers underactive located from the outside yet act on a structure being considered - correct answers extrinsiclocated from within and acting directly on a structure being considered - correct answers intrinsic deep inner muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing the lumbo pelvic hip complex - correct answers intrinsic core stabilizers adduction of the shoulder blades where the blades move toward the spine - correct answers retraction supraspiatus infraspinator teres minor subscapularis - correct answers four muscles of the rotator cuff when the space between the bone on top of the shoulder and the tendons of the rotator cuff rub against each other during elevation. - correct answers shoulder impingementa combo of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction - correct answers pronation of the foot a combo of plantar flexion inversion and adduction - correct answers supination of the foot the normal extensibility of soft tissue which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion - correct answers flexibility programming process that identifies neuromuscular dysfunction develops a plan of action and implements a corrective strategy as part of an exercise training program - correct answers corrective exercise when the neuromuscular system allows agonists antagonists, and stabilizers to synergistically produce muscle actions in all three planes of motion - correct answers neuromuscular efficiency a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body - correct answers nervous systemdivision of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord. its primary function is to coordinated activity of all parts - correct answers central nervous system how the cns integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response. - correct answers motor control integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relatively permanent changes in the bodys capacity to produce skilled movements - correct answers motor learning change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan - correct answers motor development the structural alignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to maintain balance in relation to its center of gravity - correct answers structural efficiencya series of compounds transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors generating ATP in the process - correct answers electron transport chain a redox cofactor more specifically a prosthetic group involved in several important metabolic reactions - correct answers flavin adenine dinucleotide