Water Infrastructure and Resources
Management
Project
Semester 1 2024
0027 65 934 4052
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3
2. 0 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 Scope of the Project ............................................................................................................. 6
3.0 Design data........................................................................................................................... 7
4.0 Design calculations .............................................................................................................. 8
5.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 15
6.0 References .......................................................................................................................... 16
, 1.0 Introduction
Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage the
natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future
human demand (thus avoiding water scarcity). Population, household size and growth and
affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change have increased
pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.1
Many countries have already implemented policies aimed at water conservation, with much
success.2 The key activities to conserve water are as follows: any beneficial reduction in water
loss, use and waste of resources, avoiding any damage to water quality; and improving water
management practices that reduce the use or enhance the beneficial use of water. Technology
solutions exist for households, commercial and agricultural applications. Water conservation
programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either
municipal water utilities or regional governments.3
Reservoirs are a great resource for storing water needed when other sources are scarce. Since
the reservoir water is relatively still, it can also be used to help clean the water before it flows
into a water treatment plant for human consumption. The purpose of providing storage is for
equalization, that is, to provide a mechanism to level out production of the water treatment
plant while the customer demand varies widely over the course of the day.4
1
consult.defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-09-13.Measures to reduce personal water use - Defra - Citizen Space".
2
EPA.gov. US Environmental Protection Agency. Cases in Water Conservation: How Efficiency Programs Help
Water Utilities Save Water and Avoid Costs".
3
Geerts, S.; Raes, D. (2009). "Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in
dry areas". Agric. Water Manage. 96 (9): 1275–1284.
4
Mackenzie L. Davis. (2010). Water and Wastewater Engineering
Management
Project
Semester 1 2024
0027 65 934 4052
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3
2. 0 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 Scope of the Project ............................................................................................................. 6
3.0 Design data........................................................................................................................... 7
4.0 Design calculations .............................................................................................................. 8
5.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 15
6.0 References .......................................................................................................................... 16
, 1.0 Introduction
Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage the
natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future
human demand (thus avoiding water scarcity). Population, household size and growth and
affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change have increased
pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.1
Many countries have already implemented policies aimed at water conservation, with much
success.2 The key activities to conserve water are as follows: any beneficial reduction in water
loss, use and waste of resources, avoiding any damage to water quality; and improving water
management practices that reduce the use or enhance the beneficial use of water. Technology
solutions exist for households, commercial and agricultural applications. Water conservation
programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either
municipal water utilities or regional governments.3
Reservoirs are a great resource for storing water needed when other sources are scarce. Since
the reservoir water is relatively still, it can also be used to help clean the water before it flows
into a water treatment plant for human consumption. The purpose of providing storage is for
equalization, that is, to provide a mechanism to level out production of the water treatment
plant while the customer demand varies widely over the course of the day.4
1
consult.defra.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-09-13.Measures to reduce personal water use - Defra - Citizen Space".
2
EPA.gov. US Environmental Protection Agency. Cases in Water Conservation: How Efficiency Programs Help
Water Utilities Save Water and Avoid Costs".
3
Geerts, S.; Raes, D. (2009). "Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in
dry areas". Agric. Water Manage. 96 (9): 1275–1284.
4
Mackenzie L. Davis. (2010). Water and Wastewater Engineering
