,MAY/JUNE 2016
SECTION A
Question 1
(a) Which system’s rules should be obeyed, when there is a clash between law and religion as
normative systems? (Hint: In your answer you should focus on the differences between
legal rules and religious rule) (4)
There are differences between legal rules and religious rules. These two normative systems
do not overlap completely. The Ten Commandments proclaim that one should not covet
thy neighbour's possessions. How will a state enforce this? This is not enforced by law. In
the same way adultery is not a crime, although it may be regarded a `sin'.
Although religion and law are not always similar, there are certain aspects of the South
African law that favour the Christian religion. In criminal law blasphemy is an offence: It
pertains only to the Christian God. Christian public holidays such as Christmas and Good
Friday are given preference by the government. This is justified as part of the accepted
religious convictions of the majority.
(b) Martie van der Merwe, a lecturer at New Africa University, applies for
promotion. Unfortunately she is not promoted and she complains about the
University’s decision. The University gives her a chance to present her case.
An impartial person hear the complaint and decided that the rules with
regard to promotions within the University are clear and apply to all
personnel equally. However, Martie feels she was not promoted simply
because she is a woman.
Has formal justice been done in this case? Give reasons for your answer. (4)
The requirements of formal justice have been met, these being:
∞ Explicit rules must be laid down to show how people must be treated in a specific
case. The rules with regard to promotions within the New Africa University are
explicit.
∞ The rules must apply generally, meaning they must apply to all people in the group
in the same circumstances. These rules apply generally to all personnel at the
University.
∞ Rules must be applied impartially by legal institutions. These rules are implied
impartially because Martie’s complaint was heard by an impartial person.
If the formal law meets certain basic requirements and is always applied in exactly the
same way, we say that formal justice has been achieved.
1
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
, (c) John buys a second-hand motorbike from his friend, Peter, for R10 000. This
transaction involves a contract of purchase between John and Peter. John
pays Peter the purchase price of R10 000. However, Peter refuses to deliver
the motorbike to John as agreed in their contract.
Name two kinds of rights that are applicable to our scenario. Explain what each kind
entails (3)
Real right: Real rights are rights to physical, material things, that we can touch, e.g. a
pen or a car. The object of a real right is always a thing, the real right itself is, e.g. right of
ownership, right of pledge. In the case of ownership, the owner of property may freely use
and enjoy her property. The owner can also alienate it (that is sell or give it away).
Peter has the right of ownership to his motorbike, as the owner he decided to sell it to
John.
Personal right: A personal right is a right to performance. It is also called a claim.
Performance is a human action of either doing or not doing something. We may have a
right to the action of another person. The action may be the delivery of something by the
seller, the payment of the purchase price by the buyer, or the services of an employee. In
this case Peter had the right to receive purchase price from John, which he did. But John
also has the personal right to have the motorbike delivered, which Peter failed to do.
(d) During the sixth century AD the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Justinian, wanted
his empire to be as glorious as the old Roman Empire and he wanted to bring order to the
legal system of his time. Explain how he contributed to the development of the legal system
during his reign and the preservation of Roman law in later centuries. (4)
Justinian decided to “codify” Roman law as a whole; that meant that he decided that all
the earlier writings of the classical jurists and all the laws which had been passed during
the time of the emperors were to be collected and written down as a code. This collection
of Roman law by Justinian was called the Corpus Iuris Civilis. By codifying the law,
Justinian kept Roman law alive in the Eastern Roman Empire, although this collection of
Roman law did not have much influence in the Western Roman Empire at that time.
However, the fact that the Roman law had been collected and written down made it
possible for Roman law to be received in Europe in about the 12th century AD.
Question 2
(a) Distinguish between criminal law and law of criminal procedure as the divisions of public
law (4)
Criminal laws states which acts are crimes and what the penalties/ punishments are that
are that are imposed by the state for the commission of these crimes.
2
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
, Law of criminal procedure is concerned with the way in which someone who is suspected
of having committed a crime is prosecuted and tried.
These are the divisions of public law, which deal with the relationship between the state
and the citizen.
(b) Charl and Charlotte Charles have been married for the past 25 years. During
this time they have lived in luxury and have never even thought about what
would happen to their wealth if they are not around anymore. On their way
to Cape Town for their annual holiday they both die in a car accident. Their
three children are now very eager to hear what will happen to their parents’
wealth.
Which division of private law will be applicable to this scenario? Explain in detail what
this specific division deals with. (3)
The law of patrimony: which is concerned with a person and their means, in other words
things people own that can be given a value in money.
(c) Define legal obligation and name two of the subdivisions that the law of obligations can be
divided into. (4)
An obligation is a legal relationship between two or more parties in terms of which on
party has a right against another party for performance and the other party has a
corresponding duty to perform.
Subdivisions that the law of obligation can be divided into are:
∞ Law of contract
∞ Law of delict
(d) Consider the following sources of law and answer the questions that follow.
Foreign law, legal textbooks, articles in law journals and case law.
(i) Which source of law has binding authority I South African courts? Give a reason for
your answer. (2)
Case Law is an authoritative source of law, with binding authority in court.
(ii) With reference to your answer in (i), explain the difference between this source of
law and the other three sources of law (2)
Foreign law, legal textbooks and articles in law journals are sources of law which merely have
persuasive influence in court and do not bind the court, like case law does on the other hand, it is
an authoritative source of law.
3
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
SECTION A
Question 1
(a) Which system’s rules should be obeyed, when there is a clash between law and religion as
normative systems? (Hint: In your answer you should focus on the differences between
legal rules and religious rule) (4)
There are differences between legal rules and religious rules. These two normative systems
do not overlap completely. The Ten Commandments proclaim that one should not covet
thy neighbour's possessions. How will a state enforce this? This is not enforced by law. In
the same way adultery is not a crime, although it may be regarded a `sin'.
Although religion and law are not always similar, there are certain aspects of the South
African law that favour the Christian religion. In criminal law blasphemy is an offence: It
pertains only to the Christian God. Christian public holidays such as Christmas and Good
Friday are given preference by the government. This is justified as part of the accepted
religious convictions of the majority.
(b) Martie van der Merwe, a lecturer at New Africa University, applies for
promotion. Unfortunately she is not promoted and she complains about the
University’s decision. The University gives her a chance to present her case.
An impartial person hear the complaint and decided that the rules with
regard to promotions within the University are clear and apply to all
personnel equally. However, Martie feels she was not promoted simply
because she is a woman.
Has formal justice been done in this case? Give reasons for your answer. (4)
The requirements of formal justice have been met, these being:
∞ Explicit rules must be laid down to show how people must be treated in a specific
case. The rules with regard to promotions within the New Africa University are
explicit.
∞ The rules must apply generally, meaning they must apply to all people in the group
in the same circumstances. These rules apply generally to all personnel at the
University.
∞ Rules must be applied impartially by legal institutions. These rules are implied
impartially because Martie’s complaint was heard by an impartial person.
If the formal law meets certain basic requirements and is always applied in exactly the
same way, we say that formal justice has been achieved.
1
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
, (c) John buys a second-hand motorbike from his friend, Peter, for R10 000. This
transaction involves a contract of purchase between John and Peter. John
pays Peter the purchase price of R10 000. However, Peter refuses to deliver
the motorbike to John as agreed in their contract.
Name two kinds of rights that are applicable to our scenario. Explain what each kind
entails (3)
Real right: Real rights are rights to physical, material things, that we can touch, e.g. a
pen or a car. The object of a real right is always a thing, the real right itself is, e.g. right of
ownership, right of pledge. In the case of ownership, the owner of property may freely use
and enjoy her property. The owner can also alienate it (that is sell or give it away).
Peter has the right of ownership to his motorbike, as the owner he decided to sell it to
John.
Personal right: A personal right is a right to performance. It is also called a claim.
Performance is a human action of either doing or not doing something. We may have a
right to the action of another person. The action may be the delivery of something by the
seller, the payment of the purchase price by the buyer, or the services of an employee. In
this case Peter had the right to receive purchase price from John, which he did. But John
also has the personal right to have the motorbike delivered, which Peter failed to do.
(d) During the sixth century AD the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Justinian, wanted
his empire to be as glorious as the old Roman Empire and he wanted to bring order to the
legal system of his time. Explain how he contributed to the development of the legal system
during his reign and the preservation of Roman law in later centuries. (4)
Justinian decided to “codify” Roman law as a whole; that meant that he decided that all
the earlier writings of the classical jurists and all the laws which had been passed during
the time of the emperors were to be collected and written down as a code. This collection
of Roman law by Justinian was called the Corpus Iuris Civilis. By codifying the law,
Justinian kept Roman law alive in the Eastern Roman Empire, although this collection of
Roman law did not have much influence in the Western Roman Empire at that time.
However, the fact that the Roman law had been collected and written down made it
possible for Roman law to be received in Europe in about the 12th century AD.
Question 2
(a) Distinguish between criminal law and law of criminal procedure as the divisions of public
law (4)
Criminal laws states which acts are crimes and what the penalties/ punishments are that
are that are imposed by the state for the commission of these crimes.
2
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
, Law of criminal procedure is concerned with the way in which someone who is suspected
of having committed a crime is prosecuted and tried.
These are the divisions of public law, which deal with the relationship between the state
and the citizen.
(b) Charl and Charlotte Charles have been married for the past 25 years. During
this time they have lived in luxury and have never even thought about what
would happen to their wealth if they are not around anymore. On their way
to Cape Town for their annual holiday they both die in a car accident. Their
three children are now very eager to hear what will happen to their parents’
wealth.
Which division of private law will be applicable to this scenario? Explain in detail what
this specific division deals with. (3)
The law of patrimony: which is concerned with a person and their means, in other words
things people own that can be given a value in money.
(c) Define legal obligation and name two of the subdivisions that the law of obligations can be
divided into. (4)
An obligation is a legal relationship between two or more parties in terms of which on
party has a right against another party for performance and the other party has a
corresponding duty to perform.
Subdivisions that the law of obligation can be divided into are:
∞ Law of contract
∞ Law of delict
(d) Consider the following sources of law and answer the questions that follow.
Foreign law, legal textbooks, articles in law journals and case law.
(i) Which source of law has binding authority I South African courts? Give a reason for
your answer. (2)
Case Law is an authoritative source of law, with binding authority in court.
(ii) With reference to your answer in (i), explain the difference between this source of
law and the other three sources of law (2)
Foreign law, legal textbooks and articles in law journals are sources of law which merely have
persuasive influence in court and do not bind the court, like case law does on the other hand, it is
an authoritative source of law.
3
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”
