Gender- en diversiteitstudies – lesnotities
Inhoudsopgave
1 ACHTERGRONDEN, THEORIEËN EN BASISCONCEPTEN .............................................................................. 4
1.1 SITUERING ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 GENDER ALS CONCEPT= SOCIAAL CONSTRUCTIVISME........................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Sekse/gender .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Gendertheorieën ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Gelaagdheid van gender .............................................................................................................. 11
1.2.4 Constructie van sekse ................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 GENDERONGELIJKHEID EN INTERSECTIONALITEIT .............................................................................................. 13
1.4 GENDER(STUDIES) ONDER VUUR? ................................................................................................................. 15
1.5 TOT SLOT ................................................................................................................................................. 15
2 INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND VIOLENCE .......................................................................................... 20
2.1 KEY TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 TYPES OF VIOLENCE .................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................ 24
2.4 FROM A MEDICAL TO A FEMINIST LENS ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1 Through a medical lens ................................................................................................................ 26
2.4.2 Through an economic lens ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.3 Through a legal lens ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.4 Through an intersectional feminist lens ....................................................................................... 28
2.4.5 Gender archetypes ....................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.6 Other archetypes? ........................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.7 Intersecting experiences ............................................................................................................... 30
2.5 CULTURAL BACKDROP ................................................................................................................................. 31
2.5.1 Masculinity movements ............................................................................................................... 31
2.5.2 Glamorising violence .................................................................................................................... 31
2.5.3 Trans and cis women safety ......................................................................................................... 31
2.5.4 Cultural relativism ........................................................................................................................ 32
2.6 SVH IN BRUSSELS ...................................................................................................................................... 33
2.7 VERPLICHTE LITERATUUR ............................................................................................................................. 33
3 FEMINISTISCHE GOLVEN EN STROMINGEN (DEEL I) ................................................................................ 35
3.1 FEMINISME: THEORIE EN BEWEGING .............................................................................................................. 35
3.2 VROEGE VOORLOPERS? .............................................................................................................................. 37
3.2.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 37
3.2.2 Oudheid ........................................................................................................................................ 38
3.2.3 Middeleeuwen .............................................................................................................................. 39
3.2.4 Renaissance .................................................................................................................................. 40
3.2.5 Nieuwe Tijden ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.3 VERLICHTING: GELIJKHEID EN VERSCHIL? ........................................................................................................ 42
3.4 EERSTE GOLF ............................................................................................................................................ 45
3.4.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 45
3.4.2 Liberaal feminisme ....................................................................................................................... 46
3.4.3 Religieus – relationeel feminisme................................................................................................. 49
3.4.4 Socialistisch/marxistisch feminisme ............................................................................................. 49
3.4.5 Geboorteplanning ........................................................................................................................ 51
3.5 BELGIË?................................................................................................................................................... 51
4 GC 2: RESPECT EXISTENCE OR EXPECT RESISTANCE ................................................................................ 54
,5 FEMINISTISCHE GOLVEN EN STROMINGEN (DEEL II) ............................................................................... 56
5.1 VAN EERSTE NAAR DE TWEEDE GOLF .............................................................................................................. 56
5.1.1 Inleiding: WO I en WO II ............................................................................................................... 56
5.2 SCHARNIERFIGUREN ................................................................................................................................... 58
5.3 TWEEDE GOLF: HET PERSOONLIJKE IS POLITIEK ................................................................................................. 60
5.3.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 60
5.3.2 Tweede golf in België/Vlaanderen ............................................................................................... 61
5.3.3 Het persoonlijke is kritiek ............................................................................................................. 61
5.3.4 Radicaal feminisme? .................................................................................................................... 61
5.3.5 Baas in eigen buik ........................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.6 Lesbisch feminisme....................................................................................................................... 64
5.3.7 Ecofeminisme ............................................................................................................................... 64
5.4 SEKSUELE DIFFERENTIE ................................................................................................................................ 65
5.4.1 Hélène Cixous ............................................................................................................................... 65
5.4.2 Luce Irigaray ................................................................................................................................. 65
5.4.3 Tot slot ......................................................................................................................................... 65
5.5 TOT SLOT: EINDE VAN TWEEDE GOLF? ............................................................................................................ 66
6 INTERSECTIONALITEIT EN DIVERSITEIT ................................................................................................... 66
6.1 WAT IS INTERSECTIONALITEIT? ..................................................................................................................... 66
6.1.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 67
6.1.2 Achtergronden: Black feminism (VS) ............................................................................................ 67
6.1.3 Intersectionaliteit als analytisch concept/tool ............................................................................. 68
6.1.4 Impact en kritieken....................................................................................................................... 71
6.2 MULTICULTURALISME EN GENDERGELIJKHEID .................................................................................................. 73
6.2.1 Multiculturaliteit vs multiculturalisme ......................................................................................... 73
6.2.2 Gendergelijkheid en culturele diversiteit ...................................................................................... 75
6.3 VAN MULTICULTURALISME NAAR DIVERSITEIT .................................................................................................. 76
6.3.1 De shift naar diversiteit ................................................................................................................ 76
6.3.2 Diversiteit in het hoger onderwijs ................................................................................................ 77
6.3.3 Decolonize the university? ............................................................................................................ 77
6.4 TOT SLOT ................................................................................................................................................. 79
7 EEN GENEALOGIE VAN ‘RAS’ .................................................................................................................. 80
8 TRANSGENDER: CONCEPTEN, EVOLUTIES EN OBSERVATIES ................................................................... 86
8.1 HISTORISCH OVERZICHT: CONCEPTEN EN KADERS ............................................................................................. 86
8.1.1 Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................. 86
8.1.2 Huidige visies ................................................................................................................................ 88
8.1.3 Taal............................................................................................................................................... 89
8.1.4 Proportie ...................................................................................................................................... 90
8.2 TRANSITIES............................................................................................................................................... 93
8.2.1 Medisch ........................................................................................................................................ 93
8.2.2 Emotioneel (zelfaanvaarding) ...................................................................................................... 94
8.2.3 Sociaal (naam, kledij, aanspreekvorm) ........................................................................................ 94
8.2.4 Juridische transitie (e-id) .............................................................................................................. 97
8.3 SOCIO-POLITIEK ONDERZOEK ........................................................................................................................ 97
8.4 CONCLUSIE: NOOD AAN EDUCATIE................................................................................................................. 98
9 WORKPLACE DIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF RACE, GENDER AND BELIEFS ABOUT INEQUALITY ...................... 99
9.1 DEFINING DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................... 99
9.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSITY .................................................................................................................. 101
9.3 MECHANISMS OF DIVERSITY ....................................................................................................................... 102
9.4 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF DIVERSITY .......................................................................................... 108
9.5 PRACTICES OF DIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................... 109
10 GENDER, INTIMITEIT EN ONLINE MISOGYNIE ................................................................................... 112
2
, 10.1 GENDER ................................................................................................................................................ 112
10.2 REPRESENTATIE ....................................................................................................................................... 112
10.3 GENDER, INTIMITEIT EN ONLINE MISOGYNIE .................................................................................................. 113
10.4 JONGEREN, INTIMITEIT EN SOCIALE MEDIA: WAT MET MEDIAREPRESENTATIE IN VLAANDEREN? ............................... 116
10.5 WAT ZEGGEN DE JONGEREN ZELF? .............................................................................................................. 123
10.5.1 Visibiliteit.................................................................................................................................... 123
10.5.2 Visiuele intimiteit ....................................................................................................................... 125
10.5.3 Digitale intimiteiten ................................................................................................................... 126
10.6 WAT IS DE ROL VAN DIVERSITEIT? ............................................................................................................... 126
11 GENDER EN WETENSCHAP + QUEERTHEORIE ................................................................................... 128
11.1 VROUWEN EN/IN WETENSCHAP .................................................................................................................. 128
11.2 FEMINISTISCH EPISTEMOLOGIE ................................................................................................................... 129
11.3 FIX THE NUMBERS, INSTITUTIONS, KNOWLEDGE ............................................................................................. 131
11.3.1 Numbers ..................................................................................................................................... 132
11.3.2 Institution ................................................................................................................................... 134
11.3.3 Knowledge .................................................................................................................................. 135
11.4 QUEERTHEORIE/STUDIES........................................................................................................................... 135
11.4.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 135
12 EXAMEN ........................................................................................................................................... 138
3
, 1 Achtergronden, theorieën en basisconcepten
Algemene info opleidingsonderdeel
- Wat?
o Een inleidend overzicht van belangrijke ontwikkelingen, debatten, concepten en theorieën
binnen het interdisciplinaire domein van gender- en diversiteitsstudies.
- Hoor- en gastcolleges: wekelijks, maandag 18-20u
o Inleidende lessen + thematische lessen (gastlessen)
o Géén lesopnames
- Vereiste aanwezigheid (geen opname) + verplichte registratie : gastlezing
- Studiemateriaal:
o In de les gebruikte slides (Canvas) + eigen lesnota’s
o Een reader met geselecteerde teksten (Canvas): zelfstandig verwerken
▪ aanvullende lectuur = noodzakelijke achtergrond bij de lessen
▪ optionele lectuur = vrijblijvend, voor wie meer wil lezen
- Schriftelijk examen: meerkeuze (geen giscorrectie, wel verhoogde cesuur) + essayvraag
- Zie ook document lessenoverzicht voor info evaluatie, lesinhouden en leerstof
1.1 Situering
- Geen genderstudies zonder vrouwenstudies, geen vrouwenstudies zonder feminisme
- Genderstudies vandaag: inzichten, perspectieven, concepten & methoden uit:
- Vrouwenstudies: (feministisch geïnspireerd) onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid
o (Critical) Masculinity Studies: (feministisch geïnspireerd) onderzoek naar mannelijkheid en
privileges
o Sexuality and Queerstudies: kritisch onderzoek naar meervoudigheid en fluïditeit van
gender- en seksuele identiteiten
o Postcolonial & Black Feminist studies: verwevenheid van onderdrukking op basis van
gender, ’ras’, klasse, religie, burgerschap, …
Identiteit?
“(…) identiteiten brengen allereerst benamingen met zich mee en ideeën over waarom en aan wie ze
zouden moeten worden toegekend. In de tweede plaats bepaalt jou identiteit je gedachten over hoe je je
4
Inhoudsopgave
1 ACHTERGRONDEN, THEORIEËN EN BASISCONCEPTEN .............................................................................. 4
1.1 SITUERING ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 GENDER ALS CONCEPT= SOCIAAL CONSTRUCTIVISME........................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Sekse/gender .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Gendertheorieën ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Gelaagdheid van gender .............................................................................................................. 11
1.2.4 Constructie van sekse ................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 GENDERONGELIJKHEID EN INTERSECTIONALITEIT .............................................................................................. 13
1.4 GENDER(STUDIES) ONDER VUUR? ................................................................................................................. 15
1.5 TOT SLOT ................................................................................................................................................. 15
2 INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND VIOLENCE .......................................................................................... 20
2.1 KEY TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 TYPES OF VIOLENCE .................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................ 24
2.4 FROM A MEDICAL TO A FEMINIST LENS ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1 Through a medical lens ................................................................................................................ 26
2.4.2 Through an economic lens ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.3 Through a legal lens ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.4 Through an intersectional feminist lens ....................................................................................... 28
2.4.5 Gender archetypes ....................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.6 Other archetypes? ........................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.7 Intersecting experiences ............................................................................................................... 30
2.5 CULTURAL BACKDROP ................................................................................................................................. 31
2.5.1 Masculinity movements ............................................................................................................... 31
2.5.2 Glamorising violence .................................................................................................................... 31
2.5.3 Trans and cis women safety ......................................................................................................... 31
2.5.4 Cultural relativism ........................................................................................................................ 32
2.6 SVH IN BRUSSELS ...................................................................................................................................... 33
2.7 VERPLICHTE LITERATUUR ............................................................................................................................. 33
3 FEMINISTISCHE GOLVEN EN STROMINGEN (DEEL I) ................................................................................ 35
3.1 FEMINISME: THEORIE EN BEWEGING .............................................................................................................. 35
3.2 VROEGE VOORLOPERS? .............................................................................................................................. 37
3.2.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 37
3.2.2 Oudheid ........................................................................................................................................ 38
3.2.3 Middeleeuwen .............................................................................................................................. 39
3.2.4 Renaissance .................................................................................................................................. 40
3.2.5 Nieuwe Tijden ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.3 VERLICHTING: GELIJKHEID EN VERSCHIL? ........................................................................................................ 42
3.4 EERSTE GOLF ............................................................................................................................................ 45
3.4.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 45
3.4.2 Liberaal feminisme ....................................................................................................................... 46
3.4.3 Religieus – relationeel feminisme................................................................................................. 49
3.4.4 Socialistisch/marxistisch feminisme ............................................................................................. 49
3.4.5 Geboorteplanning ........................................................................................................................ 51
3.5 BELGIË?................................................................................................................................................... 51
4 GC 2: RESPECT EXISTENCE OR EXPECT RESISTANCE ................................................................................ 54
,5 FEMINISTISCHE GOLVEN EN STROMINGEN (DEEL II) ............................................................................... 56
5.1 VAN EERSTE NAAR DE TWEEDE GOLF .............................................................................................................. 56
5.1.1 Inleiding: WO I en WO II ............................................................................................................... 56
5.2 SCHARNIERFIGUREN ................................................................................................................................... 58
5.3 TWEEDE GOLF: HET PERSOONLIJKE IS POLITIEK ................................................................................................. 60
5.3.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 60
5.3.2 Tweede golf in België/Vlaanderen ............................................................................................... 61
5.3.3 Het persoonlijke is kritiek ............................................................................................................. 61
5.3.4 Radicaal feminisme? .................................................................................................................... 61
5.3.5 Baas in eigen buik ........................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.6 Lesbisch feminisme....................................................................................................................... 64
5.3.7 Ecofeminisme ............................................................................................................................... 64
5.4 SEKSUELE DIFFERENTIE ................................................................................................................................ 65
5.4.1 Hélène Cixous ............................................................................................................................... 65
5.4.2 Luce Irigaray ................................................................................................................................. 65
5.4.3 Tot slot ......................................................................................................................................... 65
5.5 TOT SLOT: EINDE VAN TWEEDE GOLF? ............................................................................................................ 66
6 INTERSECTIONALITEIT EN DIVERSITEIT ................................................................................................... 66
6.1 WAT IS INTERSECTIONALITEIT? ..................................................................................................................... 66
6.1.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 67
6.1.2 Achtergronden: Black feminism (VS) ............................................................................................ 67
6.1.3 Intersectionaliteit als analytisch concept/tool ............................................................................. 68
6.1.4 Impact en kritieken....................................................................................................................... 71
6.2 MULTICULTURALISME EN GENDERGELIJKHEID .................................................................................................. 73
6.2.1 Multiculturaliteit vs multiculturalisme ......................................................................................... 73
6.2.2 Gendergelijkheid en culturele diversiteit ...................................................................................... 75
6.3 VAN MULTICULTURALISME NAAR DIVERSITEIT .................................................................................................. 76
6.3.1 De shift naar diversiteit ................................................................................................................ 76
6.3.2 Diversiteit in het hoger onderwijs ................................................................................................ 77
6.3.3 Decolonize the university? ............................................................................................................ 77
6.4 TOT SLOT ................................................................................................................................................. 79
7 EEN GENEALOGIE VAN ‘RAS’ .................................................................................................................. 80
8 TRANSGENDER: CONCEPTEN, EVOLUTIES EN OBSERVATIES ................................................................... 86
8.1 HISTORISCH OVERZICHT: CONCEPTEN EN KADERS ............................................................................................. 86
8.1.1 Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................. 86
8.1.2 Huidige visies ................................................................................................................................ 88
8.1.3 Taal............................................................................................................................................... 89
8.1.4 Proportie ...................................................................................................................................... 90
8.2 TRANSITIES............................................................................................................................................... 93
8.2.1 Medisch ........................................................................................................................................ 93
8.2.2 Emotioneel (zelfaanvaarding) ...................................................................................................... 94
8.2.3 Sociaal (naam, kledij, aanspreekvorm) ........................................................................................ 94
8.2.4 Juridische transitie (e-id) .............................................................................................................. 97
8.3 SOCIO-POLITIEK ONDERZOEK ........................................................................................................................ 97
8.4 CONCLUSIE: NOOD AAN EDUCATIE................................................................................................................. 98
9 WORKPLACE DIVERSITY: THE ROLE OF RACE, GENDER AND BELIEFS ABOUT INEQUALITY ...................... 99
9.1 DEFINING DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................... 99
9.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSITY .................................................................................................................. 101
9.3 MECHANISMS OF DIVERSITY ....................................................................................................................... 102
9.4 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF DIVERSITY .......................................................................................... 108
9.5 PRACTICES OF DIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................... 109
10 GENDER, INTIMITEIT EN ONLINE MISOGYNIE ................................................................................... 112
2
, 10.1 GENDER ................................................................................................................................................ 112
10.2 REPRESENTATIE ....................................................................................................................................... 112
10.3 GENDER, INTIMITEIT EN ONLINE MISOGYNIE .................................................................................................. 113
10.4 JONGEREN, INTIMITEIT EN SOCIALE MEDIA: WAT MET MEDIAREPRESENTATIE IN VLAANDEREN? ............................... 116
10.5 WAT ZEGGEN DE JONGEREN ZELF? .............................................................................................................. 123
10.5.1 Visibiliteit.................................................................................................................................... 123
10.5.2 Visiuele intimiteit ....................................................................................................................... 125
10.5.3 Digitale intimiteiten ................................................................................................................... 126
10.6 WAT IS DE ROL VAN DIVERSITEIT? ............................................................................................................... 126
11 GENDER EN WETENSCHAP + QUEERTHEORIE ................................................................................... 128
11.1 VROUWEN EN/IN WETENSCHAP .................................................................................................................. 128
11.2 FEMINISTISCH EPISTEMOLOGIE ................................................................................................................... 129
11.3 FIX THE NUMBERS, INSTITUTIONS, KNOWLEDGE ............................................................................................. 131
11.3.1 Numbers ..................................................................................................................................... 132
11.3.2 Institution ................................................................................................................................... 134
11.3.3 Knowledge .................................................................................................................................. 135
11.4 QUEERTHEORIE/STUDIES........................................................................................................................... 135
11.4.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 135
12 EXAMEN ........................................................................................................................................... 138
3
, 1 Achtergronden, theorieën en basisconcepten
Algemene info opleidingsonderdeel
- Wat?
o Een inleidend overzicht van belangrijke ontwikkelingen, debatten, concepten en theorieën
binnen het interdisciplinaire domein van gender- en diversiteitsstudies.
- Hoor- en gastcolleges: wekelijks, maandag 18-20u
o Inleidende lessen + thematische lessen (gastlessen)
o Géén lesopnames
- Vereiste aanwezigheid (geen opname) + verplichte registratie : gastlezing
- Studiemateriaal:
o In de les gebruikte slides (Canvas) + eigen lesnota’s
o Een reader met geselecteerde teksten (Canvas): zelfstandig verwerken
▪ aanvullende lectuur = noodzakelijke achtergrond bij de lessen
▪ optionele lectuur = vrijblijvend, voor wie meer wil lezen
- Schriftelijk examen: meerkeuze (geen giscorrectie, wel verhoogde cesuur) + essayvraag
- Zie ook document lessenoverzicht voor info evaluatie, lesinhouden en leerstof
1.1 Situering
- Geen genderstudies zonder vrouwenstudies, geen vrouwenstudies zonder feminisme
- Genderstudies vandaag: inzichten, perspectieven, concepten & methoden uit:
- Vrouwenstudies: (feministisch geïnspireerd) onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid
o (Critical) Masculinity Studies: (feministisch geïnspireerd) onderzoek naar mannelijkheid en
privileges
o Sexuality and Queerstudies: kritisch onderzoek naar meervoudigheid en fluïditeit van
gender- en seksuele identiteiten
o Postcolonial & Black Feminist studies: verwevenheid van onderdrukking op basis van
gender, ’ras’, klasse, religie, burgerschap, …
Identiteit?
“(…) identiteiten brengen allereerst benamingen met zich mee en ideeën over waarom en aan wie ze
zouden moeten worden toegekend. In de tweede plaats bepaalt jou identiteit je gedachten over hoe je je
4
