MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Questions
and answers latest update 2024
Nephrotic syndrome
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that
involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is
the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex
deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the
extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it
is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
, Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary
to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer
Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs
throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to
detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal
mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis
treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma
a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue
and answers latest update 2024
Nephrotic syndrome
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay;
Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that
involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is
the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex
deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the
extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it
is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
, Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary
to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer
Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs
throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to
detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal
mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis
treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma
a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue
