Criminological Theories exam latest update already graded A+

Criminological Theories exam latest update already graded A+ Social Learning Theory Akers 1985 Structural-Macro Reinforcement=increases behaviors Positive Reinforcement=Reward Negative Reinforcement=Removal of punishment - ANSWER>>This attempted to elaborate differential association theory. (filling in gaps) In general, social learning theory proposes that both criminal and conforming behavior are acquired, maintained, or changed by the same process of interaction with others. The difference lies in the conforming or deviant direction or balance of the social influences such as reinforcement, values and attitudes, and imitation. General Strain Theory Robert Agnew 1992 Individual - ANSWER>>Phycological strain Developed for Young Adult Crime Idea: Strain leads to Negative Emotions=Delinquency Biological Theory Cesare Lombroso1897 Individual-Micro Atavisms:Genetic evolution - ANSWER>>Born criminal First Biological theory of crime. This type of criminal is the most dangerous, and can be identified through his or her stigmata or identifying distinct physical characteristics. Social Bonding Theory Structural - ANSWER>>A control theory that states that individuals will commit criminal or delinquent acts when their ties (bonds) to society are weakened or have broken. There are four types of bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. When the bonds are strong, an individual will refrain from criminal activity. Self-Control Theory Gottfredson & Hirschi 1990 Low self control= impulsivity-now High self control= cautious-delay gradification - ANSWER>>(Internal traits) A specific type of control theory developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi in which self-control is the key factor in understanding criminal and deviant acts. Classical Strain Theory Robert Merton 1938 (Both individual & structural) - ANSWER>>Pleasure principle=Pleasure outweighs pain People choose to commit crime Strain=Aspirations=Expectations Why they are doing it? 3 Factors: 1. overestimate profit 2. underestimate risk 3. not rational-short-term view/crime was worth it Decrease crime: 1. celerity (swift) 2. Severity (punishment fits crime) 3. Certainty (high expectations of getting caught and punished) Labeling Theory - ANSWER>>The theory that the formal and informal application of stigmatizing and deviant "labels" or tags applied to an individual by society will not deter, but rather instigate future deviant or criminal acts. Rational Choice Theory Cesare Beccaria - ANSWER>>This is the 1980s formulation of classical criminology. Cesare Beccaria, adds a new dimension that emphasizes the expanding role of the economist in criminological thought. The emphasis is placed on the expected reward for committing a crime, and other associated costs and benefits surrounding criminal activity.