Queen's University PSYC 203 final exam Questions And Answers With Latest Study Solutions

Reasons to take PSYC 203 - Answer--core of psych curriculum -provides foundation for doing research -basis of understanding other psych content courses -critical thinking -essential for graduate studies admission -teaches scientific thinking knowledge of the world is derived from: - Answer--experiences and how we interpret them -reliance on authority -use of reason why empiricism is important: - Answer--authorities can be wrong -reasonable arguments in the absence of empirical evidence are unproductive -social cognition biases confirmation bias - Answer-a tendency to seek and pay special attention to information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts a belief belief perseverance - Answer-a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence that would convince most people the belief is false availability heuristic - Answer-occurs when we experience unusual or very memorable events and then overestimate how often such events typically occur assumptions of research psychologists about behaviour - Answer-is lawful and predictable and using scientific methods can lead to the discover of regularities science is objective - Answer-verifiable by more than a single observeremphasis on objectivity led to a shift from using _____ as a method to using _________ - Answerintrospection ; methods that measured specific behaviours science also requires conclusion about the ______ to be _____ - Answer-causes of behaviour ; databased an empirical question - Answer-is answerable through the use of recognized scientific methods research psychologists are skeptical optimists - Answer-optimistic about discovering important things about behaviour, skeptical about claims made without solid empirical support pseudoscience - Answer-characterized by a deliberate attempt to associate itself with true science Pseudoscience warning signs - Answer--relying on anecdotal evidence -developing vague theories that fail the test of falsification -tendency to explain complicated phenomena with overly simplistic concepts research in psychology aims to: - Answer--provide clear and detailed descriptions of behavioural phenomena -develop laws to predict behaviour with probability greater than chance -provide adequate explanations of the causes of behaviour the visual cliff studies - Answer-Eleanor Gibson APA developed its code of ethics _____, using a _________ procedure. - Answer-empirically ; critical incidents the code for research using human participants consists of: - Answer--general principles guiding behaviour of psychologists -specific standards of behaviourAPA code for research with humans - Answer--includes cost-benefit analysis of the degree of risk imposed on participants with scientific value -informed consent -special care with children and people prone to coercion -participants are free to withdraw and assured confidentiality -debrief for participants responsibilities of Institutional Review Boards - Answer-ensure research studies with human subjects are following ethics code and federal law APA guidlines for research with animals concern: - Answer--care and humane treatment -guidance in choosing appropriate experimental procedures -use of animals for research and educational purposes data falsification - Answer--manufacturing or altering of data -often discovered because of repeated failures to replicate findings forms of scientific fraud - Answer--plagiarism -data falsification basic research in psychology - Answer-aims to discover fundamental principles of behaviour applied research - Answer-undertaken with specific practical problems in mind laboratory research allows _______ field research ______ - Answer-greater control ; closely approximated real-life situations research ideas can come from: - Answer--reflection on everyday observations-specific problems -serendipity theories - Answer--summarize and organize existing knowledge -provide a basis for making predictions -provide a working explanation about some phenomenon relationship between theory building and research is ________ - Answer-reciprocal theories in psychology are useful because they ______ that increases our _____ - Answer-generate research ; understanding of behaviour good theories are _____ and precise enough to be _____ by well-designed research - Answerparsimonious ; falsified psychology seldom thinks in terms of isolated experiments - Answer--produce programs of research within a specific area (include studies that involve direct and conceptual replications of existing findings and new ideas) -use results of experiments as starting points for next experiment probability sampling is designed to create _______ - Answer-good samples common forms of probability sampling - Answer--simple random sample -stratified sample -cluster sample common forms of non-probability sampling - Answer--quota sampling -purposive sampling -snowball samplingsimple random sample - Answer-every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected stratified sample - Answer-ensures that important subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample cluster sample - Answer-used when it is impossible to know all of the members of the population quota sampling - Answer-researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group -nonprobability