,MIS
Eleventh Edition
Management Information Systems
Hossein Bidgoli, Ph.D.
California State University–Bakersfield
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, MIS, Eleventh Edition Last three editions, as applicable: © 2021, © 2019, © 2018
Hossein Bidgoli
Copyright © 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
SVP, Product: Erin Joyner No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S.
VP, Product: Thais Alencar
copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Product Director: Mark Santee
Unless otherwise noted, all content is Copyright © Cengage Learning, Inc.
Product Manager: Natalie Onderdonk
Microsoft and Office are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in
Product Assistant: Ethan Wheel
the United States and other countries. Cengage Learning is an independent
Learning Designer: Carolyn Mako entity from the Microsoft Corporation, and not affiliated with Microsoft in
Content Manager: Michele Stulga and Marlena any manner. Any screenshots used are courtesy of Microsoft Corporation.
Sullivan
Digital Delivery Quality Partner: Jim Vaughey For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Developmental Editor: Dan Seiter Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
or support.cengage.com.
VP, Product Marketing: Jason Sakos
Director, Product Marketing: Danaë April For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
requests online at www.copyright.com.
Product Marketing Manager: Mackenzie Paine
IP Analyst: Ann Hoffman
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022913850
IP Project Manager: Lumina Datamatics
SE ISBN: 978-0-357-88386-0
Production Service: Straive
LLF ISBN: 978-0-357-95151-4
Designer: Erin Griffin
Cover Image Source: gremlin/E+/Getty Images Cengage
200 Pier 4 Boulevard
Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions.
Our employees reside in nearly 40 different countries and serve digital
learners in 165 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.
To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access
your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course,
visit www.cengage.com.
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with
any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include
information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions
that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein,
the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind,
including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with
respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be
liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2022
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Eleventh Edition
Management Information Systems
Hossein Bidgoli, Ph.D.
California State University–Bakersfield
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, MIS, Eleventh Edition Last three editions, as applicable: © 2021, © 2019, © 2018
Hossein Bidgoli
Copyright © 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
SVP, Product: Erin Joyner No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S.
VP, Product: Thais Alencar
copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Product Director: Mark Santee
Unless otherwise noted, all content is Copyright © Cengage Learning, Inc.
Product Manager: Natalie Onderdonk
Microsoft and Office are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in
Product Assistant: Ethan Wheel
the United States and other countries. Cengage Learning is an independent
Learning Designer: Carolyn Mako entity from the Microsoft Corporation, and not affiliated with Microsoft in
Content Manager: Michele Stulga and Marlena any manner. Any screenshots used are courtesy of Microsoft Corporation.
Sullivan
Digital Delivery Quality Partner: Jim Vaughey For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Developmental Editor: Dan Seiter Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
or support.cengage.com.
VP, Product Marketing: Jason Sakos
Director, Product Marketing: Danaë April For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
requests online at www.copyright.com.
Product Marketing Manager: Mackenzie Paine
IP Analyst: Ann Hoffman
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022913850
IP Project Manager: Lumina Datamatics
SE ISBN: 978-0-357-88386-0
Production Service: Straive
LLF ISBN: 978-0-357-95151-4
Designer: Erin Griffin
Cover Image Source: gremlin/E+/Getty Images Cengage
200 Pier 4 Boulevard
Boston, MA 02210
USA
Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions.
Our employees reside in nearly 40 different countries and serve digital
learners in 165 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.
To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access
your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course,
visit www.cengage.com.
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with
any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include
information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions
that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein,
the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind,
including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with
respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be
liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2022
Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
