PSY-352 QUIZ 1 Questions With Complete Solutions!!

Common definitions of health - Answer-Western Culture: Absence of disease, symptoms, and malfunctions Chinese Culture: - Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) - Balance of yin and yang and of hot and cold Indian Culture: - Ayurveda - Balance of mind, body, and spirit Mexican Culture: - Curanderismo and spiritualism - Balance of body types and energies American Indian: - Spiritual, mental, and physical harmony as well as harmony with nature Hmong Culture: - Preventing soul loss Ethiopian: - Preventing spirit possession According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a "state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being"In the 18th and 19th century, the common belief was that the mind and body are separate, and therefore is not an advance in science - Answer-Correct The biomedical approach - Answer-- Biological = physiological - Focuses primarily on the physical or biological aspect of life - Health is defined as the state where disease is absent - Treatment is one-sided as only the biological symptoms are treated If we have "risk factors" such as smoking, alcohol, and unsafe sex habits, can they lead to diseases? - Answer-Yes Examples: - Lung cancer - Addictions - HIV/AIDS Does personality have a correlation with disease? - Answer-Yes Such attributes as anger, hostility (possibly a Type A personality), depression, and anxiety can lead to a higher potential for disease With that said, if we often engage in personality habits similar to the aforementioned notions, we run a higher risk of contracting disease (e.g., heart disease) than working long hours, feeling homesick, or feeling anxious right before engaging in a sport competition If your friend is smoking, are you more likely to also smoke? - Answer-During our adolescent years, we tend to be influenced by our peers more than when we mature As such, we are more likely to also smoke due to peer pressure, which also leads to poorer health practicesCan experimental and non-experimental methods be utilized together in one study? - Answer-Yes Correlational Studies: - The most basic form of research describes relationships between variables - A correlation coefficient is the statistical measure of the association, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 with the values closer to 1 signifying stronger associations Experimental Designs: - Helps us determine causality - The researcher manipulates the variable that is believed to be important (dependent) and measures how changes in this variable influence another (dependent) Quasi-Experimental Designs: - Naturally occurring groups - The independent variables are called subject variables Randomized, Controlled, or Clinical Trials (RCTs): - One group gets an experimental drug or intervention treatment and a second group unknowingly gets a placebo or nothing Cross-Sectional Designs: - Conducted at one point in time - Often sample a large number of people and examine different cultural groups in the sample comparing men and women, and people of different ethnicities Longitudinal Designs: - Conducted over a period of time and often involving many measures of the key variables Epidemiological Studies: - Prevalence rates are the proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time- Incidence rates are the frequency of new cases of the disease during a year If one adopts a lifestyle that promotes wellness, will the rate of illness and early death be reduced? - Answer-Yes Major health behavior theories - Answer-Health Belief Model (HBM): - Beliefs in threat and effectiveness of health change behaviors Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): - Intention to change - Attitudes toward action - Subjective norms regarding action - Self-efficacy Transtheoretical Model (TTM): - Six stages that a person proceeds through: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination Social Cognitive Theory (SCT): - Health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism, or the idea that characteristics of a person, one's environment, and the behavior itself all interact and determine whether a behavior is performed Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM): - Person moves from being unaware of issue, to unengaged by issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to acting, and to maintenance Health Action Process Approach (HAPA): - Two main phases: factors influencing intention to act and the processes that take place after the intention leading up to the behaviorRemember that eating a good breakfast tends to reduce cravings, increases productivity, and overall greater reduction in unhealthy behavior during the day Are health habits necessarily linked to one another? - Answer-Yes Since hypertension is often named as a "silent killer" because symptoms are not always obvious, are those with hypertension poor at gauging their own blood pressure? - Answer-Yes, as those individuals are generally bad at estimating if they're having hypertension Weinstein's research - Answer-Stages of the Precaution Adoption Model Process (PAMP): - Stage 1...unaware of the issue - Stage 2...unengaged by the issue - Stage 3...deciding about acting - Stage 4...decided not to act - Stage 5...decided to act - Stage 6...acting - Stage 7...maintenance Does research in general support the major theoretical components of the Health Belief Model (HBM)? - Answer-Yes, it correlates. In general, a number of empirical studies have established the utility of the HBM Belief in Threat: - Is it a health threat? - General (interest and concern about health) - Specific beliefs about susceptibility/vulnerability - Beliefs of consequences/severity Belief in Effectiveness of Behavior: - Will the behavior be effective in reducing threat and rewarding?- Perceived effectiveness...will behavior X be effective? - Perceived barriers/costs...will costs exceed benefits? Although research these days is oftentimes stringent, there is still no definitive standard way of measuring the components of the Health Belief Model - Answer-True This is due to the fact that we are diverse in the Western world Conflict theory - Answer-This occurs when people are wanting to engage in a certain activity, yet they know that it is an unhealthy behavior In other words, the conflict theory of health psychology elicits stress Do hospitals tend to be complex unless specializing in one kind of treatment? - Answer-Yes. Consider that which hospitals often provide...emergency, ICU, outpatient, and surgery However, hospitals are not complex if they specialize in one kind of treatment, such as a cancer center Where does one usually go if there is an emergency? - Answer-The hospital as you would not go to a long-term care facility for an emergency