NFDN 2003 Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Graded A 2024

Hypovolemia is also called - dehydration Hypovolemia symptoms - - weak - rapid pulse - dizziness - thirst - weight loss - decreased BP Hypervolemia symptoms - - weight gain - SOB - wheezing/crackles - tachycardia - increased urinary output - increase BP Hyponatremia - low sodium levels Hyponatremia causes - - excess sweeting - increased H2O - use of diuretics Hypernatremia - excess sodium leves Hypernatremia causes - - diarrhea - heat stroke - hyperventilation pH normal levels - 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 normal levels - 35-45mmHg HCO3 (Bicarb) normal levels - 22-26mmol/L Respiratory Acidosis - - results from retention of CO2 & decrease of pH Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms - - increased pulse - increased resps - increased BP - mental cloudiness Respiratory Acidosis Treatment - - bronchodilators - anticoagulants - place pt in semi fowlers Respiratory Alkalosis - - rapid or excess elimination of CO2 & increase pH - cause: hyperventilation Respiratory Alkalosis symptoms - - dizzy - light headed - paraesthesia of extremities Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment - - slow breathing - breath into paper bag Metabolic Acidosis - - decrease bicarb (HCO3) - pH = < 7.35 Metabolic Acidosis symptoms - - headache - confusion - drowsiness - increase resp rate - decrease BP - cold/clammy skin Metabolic Acidosis Treatment - - give bicarb - may need dialysis Metabolic Alkalosis - - increase bicarb - ph= > 7.45 - excessive vomiting or diarrhea Metabolic Alkalosis symptoms - - paraesthesia of fingers and toes - dizzy - depressed respirations Metabolic Alkalosis Treatment - - fluid hydrating with NaCl - monitor input/output CAREFULLY Isotonic solution - - osmolality close to blood plasma - 0.9% sodium chloride (Normal Saline) - Dextrose 5% in water Hypotonic Solution - - Osmolality lower than serum - replace intercellular fluid = cells to swell - 0.45% sodium chloride (1/2 normal saline)