● Bloom’s Taxonomy
o Knowledge/Memory – Knowledge/memorization of terms/details/raw information
o Comprehension – Relation of material to each other/understand of information
o Application – Results and consequences of the knowledge
o Analysis – Forward thinking and understanding
o Synthesis – Complexities of topic/thinking a topic in a complete way
o Evaluation – Presenting and defending opinions by making judgements about
information
● Taxonomy – The branch of science concerned with classification
● Eukaryotes
o Cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained
within a nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living things.
o 4 Types
▪ Animalia
▪ Plantae
▪ Fungi
▪ Protista
● Prokaryotes
o Cells not containing a nucleus, or any other membrane bound organelle.
● Eukaryotes VS Prokaryotes
o Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotes contain
membrane-encased organelles while the prokaryotes do not.
● Three Domains of Life
o Archaea
▪ Prokaryotic microorganisms
▪ Characterized by membrane lipids that are branched hydrocarbon chains
attached to glycerol by ether linkages.
▪ Can generally withstand harsh environments.
o Bacteria
▪ Prokaryotic microorganisms
▪ Characterized by membranes made of oligonucleotide acid attached to
glycerol by ester linkages.
o Eukarya
▪ Multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
● Evolution
o Variation – There is variation among a population of the same species.
o Heredity – Traits are consistently passed from parents to children.
o Offspring – a population must produce far more offspring than can survive to
produce offspring of their own.
, o Species are generally suited to their environment.
● Element – substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical
reactions
● Molecule – substance consisting of two or more atoms joined together with a covalent
bond
● Compound – substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
● Elements of Life
o CHON - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter
o CaPPS – Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur make up the remaining 4%.
● Trace elements – required by an organism in small qualities
● Element’s properties
o Each element consists of unique, uniform atoms
o Atoms are composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
o Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus.
o Number of protons define the element.
o Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and are measured in Daltons.
● Isotopes
o All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in
number of neutrons.
o Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons.
● Energy – the capacity to cause change
● Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure.
● Orbital – three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
● Valence electrons – chemical behavior of an atom is determined by valence electrons
o Located in outermost shell (valence shell)
o Electrons closer to the nucleus tend to stay there (hard to lose these)
● Chemical Bond Types
o Covalent:
▪ Types:
● Non polar
o Atoms share the electron equally
● Polar
o One atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not
share the electron equally.
▪ Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
▪ The shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell.
▪ A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
▪ Single Bond – sharing of one pair of valence electrons
o Knowledge/Memory – Knowledge/memorization of terms/details/raw information
o Comprehension – Relation of material to each other/understand of information
o Application – Results and consequences of the knowledge
o Analysis – Forward thinking and understanding
o Synthesis – Complexities of topic/thinking a topic in a complete way
o Evaluation – Presenting and defending opinions by making judgements about
information
● Taxonomy – The branch of science concerned with classification
● Eukaryotes
o Cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained
within a nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living things.
o 4 Types
▪ Animalia
▪ Plantae
▪ Fungi
▪ Protista
● Prokaryotes
o Cells not containing a nucleus, or any other membrane bound organelle.
● Eukaryotes VS Prokaryotes
o Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotes contain
membrane-encased organelles while the prokaryotes do not.
● Three Domains of Life
o Archaea
▪ Prokaryotic microorganisms
▪ Characterized by membrane lipids that are branched hydrocarbon chains
attached to glycerol by ether linkages.
▪ Can generally withstand harsh environments.
o Bacteria
▪ Prokaryotic microorganisms
▪ Characterized by membranes made of oligonucleotide acid attached to
glycerol by ester linkages.
o Eukarya
▪ Multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
● Evolution
o Variation – There is variation among a population of the same species.
o Heredity – Traits are consistently passed from parents to children.
o Offspring – a population must produce far more offspring than can survive to
produce offspring of their own.
, o Species are generally suited to their environment.
● Element – substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical
reactions
● Molecule – substance consisting of two or more atoms joined together with a covalent
bond
● Compound – substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
● Elements of Life
o CHON - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter
o CaPPS – Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur make up the remaining 4%.
● Trace elements – required by an organism in small qualities
● Element’s properties
o Each element consists of unique, uniform atoms
o Atoms are composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
o Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus.
o Number of protons define the element.
o Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and are measured in Daltons.
● Isotopes
o All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in
number of neutrons.
o Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons.
● Energy – the capacity to cause change
● Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure.
● Orbital – three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
● Valence electrons – chemical behavior of an atom is determined by valence electrons
o Located in outermost shell (valence shell)
o Electrons closer to the nucleus tend to stay there (hard to lose these)
● Chemical Bond Types
o Covalent:
▪ Types:
● Non polar
o Atoms share the electron equally
● Polar
o One atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not
share the electron equally.
▪ Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
▪ The shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell.
▪ A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
▪ Single Bond – sharing of one pair of valence electrons
