Massachusetts Pesticide test Questions And Answers With Complete Solutions

Chronic health effect - Answer-Problems that develop over a relatively long period of time, following either one significant exposure that initiates a problem, or following a series of small exposures which accumulate in some manner and result in a development of a disease or disorder acute toxicity - Answer-Poisoning from a single dose over a much shorter duration of time How soon do health effects occur from accrue toxicity? - Answer-Within 24 hours of exposure Chronic health risk problems (major examples) - Answer-Mutagenicity, oncogenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity Mutagenicity - Answer-Ability of a substance or agent to cause mutations to genes or chromosomes Changes from mutagenicity are... - Answer-Almost always harmful Tests to detect mutagenicity - Answer-Varied. Tests on cells to tests on whole animals It's believed that chemicals that cause mutations are more likely to be ones that can also cause... - Answer-Cancers Why is mutation testing used as a first screen for new compounds? - Answer-Faster and cheaper than animal lifetime testing Oncogenicity - Answer-The ability of a chemical to cause abnormal growths or tumors in tissues Carcinogenicity - Answer-Ability of a substance or agent to cause malignant tumors How do they test chemicals for their ability to cause tumors - Answer-Administering daily doses to animals for their entire lifetime and then dissecting them to detect presence of tumors in the animals tissuesA rodent carcinogenicity study takes how long typically? - Answer-2-3 years Pesticide companies are required to submit test data on oncogenicity from.... - Answer-Several animal species There are currently how many pesticide active ingredients considered known, likely, or probable carcinogens - Answer-Over 70 MDAR - Answer-Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources Act to protect children and families from harmful pesticides - Answer-Passed in 2000. Pesticide products that contain carcinogens may not be used in or around schools, daycares, or after school programs Teratogenicity - Answer-Ability of a substance to cause abnormal growth or deformity in developing fetuses (birth defects) How is teratogenicity tested - Answer-Administering doses of chemical to female test animals at various stages of pregnancies and observing number of miscarriages and defective offspring verses what would normally be expected Examples of animals used to test teratogenicity - Answer-Rodents, rabbits, dogs, monkeys Effects of chemicals are usually considered significant for teratogenicity if... - Answer-They occur at doses not toxic by themselves to the mother Testing for teratogenicity is standard part of pesticide registration although ___________ May exist for older chemicals - Answer-Data gaps Neurotoxicity - Answer-Gradual damage to basic nerve structure. Does not refer to reversible effects Test animal for neurotoxicity - Answer-Chicken Hepatoxicity - Answer-Damage to liverNephrotoxicity - Answer-damage to the kidneys Immunotoxicity - Answer-Compromise immune system