PNB 2265 Test 5 Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025

PNB 2265 Test 5 Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025 kidneys - answertake out circulating blood that might have waste or toxins to turn into urea, and return what is clean to the circulation what must be excreted in the urine and why - answernitrogenous wastes (from protein breakdown for cellular respiration) because if left in the blood they can make it alkaline; deadly what are the 5 renal functions - answer1. excretes metabolic waste products (drugs, organic molecules, xenobiotics) 2. regulates ion balance 3. regulates osmolarity and pH 4. endocrine organ: secretes renin to control long term BP 5. long term regulation of BP: regulates how much water stays and goes where are kidneys located - answerabdominal cavity in posterior superior region, tucked against floating ribs, connected to ureters ureter - answertubes taking newly formed urine and moving it to bladder through peristalsis urinary bladder - answerwhere urine is stored until urination urethra - answergoes from bladder to external environment cortex - answerouter layer of the kidney medulla - answerinner layer of the kidney minor calyces - answerright off papillae at the tip of the renal pyramid where urine drips into collecting system major calyces - answerconverge to form pelvis. where multiple papillae meet to eventually dip into 'lake' renal pelvis is medial to the _____ - answerhilum hilum - answerwhere we have vessels entering and exiting (ureter, renal arteries and veins) nephron - answerthe functional unit of the kidney; each type has most of its portions in the cortex, but some dip down into the medulla the kidney is covered in ______ _______ ______ called the ______ ______, and ______ is found throughout the kidney and covers it as well - answerfibrous connective tissue, renal capsule, fat what does the renal corpuscle consist of - answerBowman's capsule and glomerulus where is each nephron structure located? - answerPCT, DCT, and Bowman's capsule in cortex part of LOH can dip into medulla collecting duct always passes through medulla cortical nephrons - answer85% of nephrons, LOH dips down a bit into the medulla juxtamedullary nephrons - answer15% of nephrons, LOH much longer and dips further into medulla why does it make a big difference if the LOH dips further into the medulla? - answersince the medulla is very salty, creates differences in osmolarity gradients that helps create concentrated urine since water leaves due to osmosis filtration - answerprocess of moving blood to the filtrate in Bowman's capsule, happens through pressure gradients what is NOT included in the filtrate? - answercells and large molecules such as proteins why are not all small molecules included in filtrate? - answerbecause some low molecular weight fatty acids and calcium ions bind to plasma proteins and cannot be filtered reabsorption - answertaking substrate in filtrate and returning some parts to the blood through semi selective transporters moves from tubule membranes to peritubular capillaries that are freely flowing past renal tubule where does most reabsorption occur? - answerPCT why do we reabsorb? - answerbecause body requires the useful plasma components, H2O, inorganic ions, organic nutrients some are even 100% reabsorbed secretion - answersubstances still in blood (never got filtered into glomerulus) in the peritubular capillaries are actively transp