Geography AQA PAPER 1 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified)

Geography AQA PAPER 1 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified) Natural Hazard ANS: Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property Factors affecting hazard risk ANS: Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change Constructive plates ANS: Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano Ecotourism ANS: The practice of using an area's natural environment to attract tourists which is sustainable and won't damage area Destructive plate ANS: Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake Conservative plate ANS: Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes Where are volcanoes distributed? ANS: Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Where are earthquakes distributed? ANS: Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Chile HIC earthquake ANS: 27th feb 2010, 8.8 Richter scale, caused on destructive plate margin PE- 5000 deaths, Santiago airport damaged SE- 1500km road damaged by landslide IR- Emergency service floating bridge, field hospitals LTR- President said 4 years to recover Nepal LIC earthquake ANS: 25th april 2015, 7.9 Richter scale, caused by collision of eurasian and Australian plate PE- 3 mil homeless SE- Avalanche 250 missing IR- Social media search, field hospitals LTR- Homeless rehoused, tourist site reopened Why would people live next to natural hazards? ANS: Rarity of volcano explosion, poverty, fertile flood plain soils How to reduce risk from tectonic hazard ANS: Monitoring- using scientific equipment to detect warning Prediction- historical events Protection- designing buildings Planning- identifying and avoiding places at risk Coriolis effect ANS: The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. Formation of a storm ANS: 26 degrees water, close to equator, warm ocean heats air causing it to rise, water evaporates from hot surface, so rising air contains water vapour, air starts to spin, eye is calm Where do storms form? ANS: 5-15 degrees north and south of equator because there is not enough spin from the rotation of the earth elsewhere What 3 features can climate change effect in a storm? ANS: Distribution, frequency, intensity Typhoon Haiyan ANS: November 2013, category 5, Philippines PE- Tacloban airport damage SE- Looting and violence IR- Red cross gave food LTR- Oxfam supported fishing boats for income, cash for cleaning city Somerset Levels Flood ANS: Jan 2014 South West, caused by wettest Jan and low pressure driven across Atlantic ocean Social- 16 evacuated farms, no power Economic- £10m Environmental- Debris to be cleared IR- Villagers used boats to be evacuated LTR- £20m action plan to prevent flood by government Dam construction (preventing flood) ANS: Water is held back in a dam and released in a controlled way, is expensive, makes hydroelectric power, agricultural land lost River engineering (preventing flood) ANS: River may be widened or deepened to carry more water or straightened to flow faster, altering could lead to flood downstream Afforestation (preventing flooding) ANS: Trees planted to increase interception of rain water Managed flooding (preventing flooding) ANS: River floods naturally in places to prevent areas like settlements being flooded Evidence of climate change ANS: Rising sea level of 10-20cm in 100 years, seasonal change eg flowering takes place at a different time, shrinking glaciers most will be gone by 2035 Causes of climate change- natural ANS: Changes in earths orbit, varied heat output from sun, volcanic activity ash blocks out sunlight Causes of climate change- human ANS: Burning fossil fuels and realising co2 or deforestation Effects of climate change on people ANS: Can bring weather hazards and take lives or property. eg rainfall brings mosquitoes and malaria Managing climate change ANS: Carbon capture and storage technology to capture co2 from burning fossil fuels, using alternative energy resources, planting trees, international agreement Epping Forest ANS: North East of London on Essex border, 4km wide, deciduous woodland, vegetation determined by climate Primary producer ANS: Organisms that produce energy available for other organisms to eat eg plants and photosynthesis Consumers ANS: Get energy by consuming other organisms Nutrient cycle ANS: The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter How can change affect an eco system? ANS: Natural- drought dries out lake Human- eutrophication Tropical rainforest distribution ANS: Close to equator high temp heavy rainfall due to low equatorial pressure belt Desert distribution ANS: 30 degrees north and south of equator sub tropic high pressure belts sinking air stops cloud forming Polar distribution ANS: Arctic/Antartic Deciduous and coniferous ANS: 50-60 degrees north of equator shed leaves in winter to retain moisture Temperate Grassland distribution ANS: 30 degrees north and south of equator warm dry summer grass can tolerate because used for grazing animals Mediterranean distribution ANS: 40-45 degrees north of equator hot summer due to pressure belts moving north and south throughout year Tropical grassland (savanna) distribution ANS: 15-30 north and south of equator low latitudes dry season hot fires thunderstorms in wet season Tundra distribution ANS: From Arctic circle to 60-70 degrees north low growing plants adapted to cold Where is the Malaysian Rainforest? ANS: South East Asia Example of Malaysian rainforest plant adaptation ANS: Fan palms have large fan shaped leaves good for catching sunshine and water leaves are segmented to drain excess water Example of Malaysian rainforest animal adaptation ANS: Sloths have longer arms than legs to grab branches grooved fur and inactive lifestyle helps growth of algae to camouflage Threats to the Malaysian rainforest ANS: Commercial logging for palm oil, subsistence farming tribes burn trees to clear land, mineral extraction drilling for oil and gas, road building trees cut down Impacts of threats on Malaysian rainforest ANS: Soil erodes and becomes loose and infertile, loss of biodiversity and medicine, contribution to climate change Economic gains of deforestation ANS: Improved transport, hydroelectric power, minerals are valuable, palm oil industry benefits Economic losses of deforestation ANS: Medicine loss Why manage rainforests? ANS: Medicine, to keep biodiversity, water sources, tribes, reduce rate of global warming How to manage the Malaysian rainforest ANS: Selective logging and afforestation, conservation and education (preserving rainforest), international agreements, Ecotourism, Forest Estates have been created by the government where no change of land use is allowed, Creation of National Parks to protect biodiversity Thar Desert ANS: North West India most densely populated desert in the world How plants and animals adapt in the Thar desert ANS: Snakes retain water with waterproof skin and most rodents are nocturnal. Cacti have waxy skin to reduce water loss and store water in roots and stems Challenges of the Thar desert ANS: Temperature- working in high temperature hard for farmers and lead to water shortage Water supply- as a population and farming industry grows water need increases Accessibility issues- limited roads tarmac would melt Opportunity of the Thar Desert ANS: Minerals like gypsum can be used for cement, tourism camels for money, energy development solar panels, farming crops like wheat Causes of desertification ANS: Erosion, overgrazing, drought, soil compaction, agriculture Managing desertification ANS: Afforestation binds soil together leaves and branches give shade to animals, decrease livestock, manage grazing How do waves form? ANS: Waves form by wind blowing over the sea and the friction causes ripples Freeze thaw weathering ANS: Water flows into cracks and freezes cracks then is weakened and is easier to be eroded Constructive waves ANS: Deposit large amounts of sand and pebbles construct beaches strong swash (spilling) Destructive waves ANS: Formed by storms can destroy beach removing pebbles with strong backwash (plunging) Mechanical weathering (cliffs) ANS: The disintegration (break up of rocks) eg freeze thaw Chemical weathering (cliffs) ANS: Caused by chemical changes eg rain water is acidic Biological weathering (cliffs) ANS: Plants growing in cracks and animals burrowing in weak rock Rockfall (mass movement) ANS: Fragments of rock break away from cliff face due to freeze thaw Landslide (mass movement) ANS: Blocks of rock slide downhill Mud flow (mass movement) ANS: Saturated soil and weak rock flows down slope Rotational slip (mass movement) ANS: Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface 5 kinds of coastal erosion ANS: Solution, corrosion, abrasion, attrition, hydraulic power Solution ANS: Dissolving of rocks due to chemicals in water Corrosion ANS: Fragments of rock picked up and hurled at cliff Abrasion ANS: Sandpapering pebbles grinding against platform until smooth Attrition ANS: Pebbles carried by sea knock against each other to be smaller and rounder Hydraulic power ANS: Trapped air forced into holes cracks rock Coastal transportation 4 kinds ANS: Solution; Suspension; Traction; Saltation Solution ANS: Dissolved chemicals from limestone or chalk float in water Suspension ANS: Particles suspended in water Saltation ANS: Hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to suspend Traction ANS: Rolled pebbles Longshore drift ANS: Swash carries sediment up beach backwash carries sediment back down as waves draw back at 90 degrees Headlands and bays ANS: Different types of rock erode at different rates softer rock erodes to a bay whilst resistant rock becomes a headland Wave cut platform ANS: A flat area of rock in front of a cliff created by cliff retreat Stack formation ANS: Hydraulic action crack, cave, arch, stack, stump Sand dunes ANS: Hills of sand shaped by the wind Spits ANS: Thin lines of sand deposited by long shore drift strong winds cause curve in sheltered bit behind spit there may be a salt marsh Bars ANS: Longshore drift caucuses spit to grow across a bay trapping a lake behind it causing a bar waves deposit sediment due to friction with seabed, build up of sediment cause wave to break from coast Swanage ANS: Seaside town in Dorset in a sheltered bay and headland. Indented coastline called discordant coastline. On south coast there is only limestone and it's a concordant coast. 2 spits at mouth of harbour. Why do coasts like Swanage need to be managed? ANS: Maintain balance between forces of nature and people protects houses Sea wall (coast defence) ANS: Concrete protect cliffs, waves can erode it and it is expensive and ugly Gryone (coast defence) ANS: Wooden fence built at right angles in beach, prevents long shore drift but can create erosion down the cost, unattractive and expensive Gabions (coast defence) ANS: Steel mesh cages filled with small rocks, absorb wave energy. Inexpensive not attractive Beach nourishment (coast defence) ANS: Dumping new sand onto eroding beaches to restore them, needs maintaining and is costly Managed retreat (coast defence) ANS: Certain areas can flood is natural but is required to compensate those who lose land Beach stabilisation (coast defence) ANS: Planting dead trees in sand widens beach but requires maintenance Dune regeneration (coast defence) ANS: New sand dunes which absorb wave energy but results in land loss Lyme Regis coastal management ANS: Small coastal town south coast famous for fossils popular tourist place Issue is that the town is on an unstable cliff, it is being managed by the council who provide coastal protection and reduce threat of land slips. Winter £1.4 mill project to stabilise cliffs nails used to hold rocks together and improved draining and re profiling of beach slope Outcomes new beaches increased tourism, new defences, new tourists led to conflict with traffic and litter, defences are ugly Drainage basin ANS: An area drained by a major river and its tributaries Source ANS: Start of a river Tributary ANS: A stream or river that flows into a larger river Confluence ANS: Where a tributary joins a larger river Fluvial river processes ANS: Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution from limestone or chalk Deposition ANS: Occurs when the velocity decreases and there is no more energy Interlocking spurs ANS: Areas of high land which stick out into a steep-sided valley Waterfalls ANS: Soft rock erodes more quickly undercutting hard rock and hard rock over hangs and eventually collapses fallen rock goes into plunge pool Meanders ANS: A winding, looping curve in the course of a river on soft, flat flood plain Floodplains ANS: the flat area around a river that is covered with sediment as a result of frequent flooding Oxbow lake ANS: Meander neck gradually eroded water now takes shortest route and deposition seals old meander which is cut off and forms ox bow lake River Tees ANS: North east England source is in the Pennie Hills near Cross Fell. Reaches north sea at Middlesbrough. High Force waterfall's the UKs most impressive located near Teasdale in the rivers upper course. River drops 20m as a single sheet of water. Formed due to a resistant band of igneous rock. Factors increasing flood risk ANS: Precipitation, Geology, Steep slopes Banbury Managing floods ANS: Located in Coltswold Hills about 50km north of Oxford Has history of flooding and £12.5 million damage 150 homes and businesses affected To reduce risk flood defence scheme completed earth embankment built to create a flood storage area and raised the A361 Social- Raised A361 will be open in flood Economic- Cost of scheme £18.5 mil Environmental- 100,000 tonnes of earth used to build embankment Selective logging ANS: Carefully selected trees are cut down and only what is needed leaving others so it's sustainable Continental crust ANS: Less dense older cannot be renewed Oceanic crust ANS: More dense newer can be renewed Example of destructive plate ANS: Eurasian and Australian plate Example of Constructive plate ANS: Mid Atlantic ridge Example of conservative plate ANS: San Andreas Fault Disaster ANS: kills more than 10 people GNI ANS: Total value of goods and services in a country measures wealth and standard of living Globalisation ANS: The increasing trade between countries and the growing internationalisation of businesses Disposable income ANS: Income remaining for a person to spend or save after all taxes have been paid Urban deprivation ANS: A standard of living below that of the majority in a society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources