Neuroscience Unit 4 Exam Questions With Verified Answers

Which of the following limbic system structures does NOT receive output from the prefrontal cortex? - Answer hippocampus The primary functional role of the cingulate cortex is _______ . - Answer conflict processing The _______ is the major output of the limbic system. - Answer hypothalamus The amgdala is LEAST active when you are experiencing or engaged in the following: - Answer sadness Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion? - Answer shame Limbic system structures were initially identified because ____________ . - Answer they were made of allocortex Which of the following emotions is likely to be associated with the greatest activation in the left prefrontal cortex? - Answer calmness A negative side effect in individuals who experienced frontal lobotomies was _________ . - Answer flattened affect Which of the following frontal regions is most affected in antisocial personality disorder? - Answer orbitofrontal Which of the following is NOT a source of input to the prefrontal cortex? - Answer cingulate cortex Which of the following forms of memory is most affected in amnesia? - Answer episodic memory Short-term memory capacity is ______ . - Answer 5-9 items Retrograde amnesia is most severe for events that occurred ______________________-. - Answer immediately before the accident Which of the following structures is most important to the implicit memory system? - Answer basal ganglia The prefrontal cortex is most active during the ______ phase of short-term memory. - Answer delay Which of the following is not a region of the explicit memory circuit? - Answer cingulate cortex Which of the following is FALSE, regarding the distinctions between explicit and implicit memory? - Answer Explicit memory involves primarily cortical structures, whereas implicit memory involves primarily subcortical structures. Which of the following is a correct flow of information through the explicit memory circuit? - Answer neocortex-perirhinal cortex-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus Which of the following most accurately indicates where semantic memories are stored in the brain? - Answer cortical regions in the left hemisphere The medial temporal lobes are MOST important in which of the following forms of memory? - Answer episodic memory Which of the following changes occurs at the synapse during early-phase LTP? - Answer AMPA receptors are added to the postsynaptic membrane. What is the initial cellular change that begins the process of sensitization? - Answer Serontonin is released onto the presynaptic axon by an interneuron. Which of the following is the critical factor in removing magnesium from the pore of the NMDA receptor? - Answer A strong depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. During long-term depression, _______ are removed from the postsynaptic membrane. - Answer AMPA receptors Which of the following must occur for LTP to occur? - Answer There must be an increase in the rate of the action potential in the presynaptic neuron. An influx of ______ into the postsynaptic neuron, initiates the cellular changes that are present in LTP. - Answer calcium In the standard model of episodic memory consolidation _______ . - Answer the hippocampus is less important in episodic memory retrieval over time What initiates the gill withdraw reflex in the aplysia? - Answer Applying pressure to the syphon. Which of the following changes is the critical factor in the induction of late-phase LTP? - Answer There is an increase of protein growth factors in the postsynaptic neuron that leads to new dendritic spines. Which of the following cellular changes initiates the process of habituation? - Answer There is a decrease in the amount of calcium that enters the presynaptic axon terminal. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the distinctions between sensory cortex and association cortex? - Answer Association cortex is found primarily in the frontal lobes, and sensory cortex is found primarily in the temporal and occipital lobes. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the dorsal attention network? - Answer The dorsal attention network includes the frontal eye fields. Which of the following presentation formats would be LEAST likely to produce extinction for content in the left visual field in patients with neglect? - Answer Presenting the stimulus in the left visual field with no competing stimulus in the right visual field. The arcuate fasciculus connects which regions of the brain? - Answer Broca's area and Wernicke's area Which of the following is typically performed by Broca's area? - Answer Organizing the grammatical structure of speech. Which of the following regions is larger in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere? - Answer A1 Which of the following is correct about the relationship between handedness and the dominant hemisphere in the brain for language processing? - Answer Most left-handed individuals are left-hemisphere dominant for speech. In order for a stimulus to be received initially by only the left hemisphere of the brain in a neurotypical indiviudal, the stimulus must be _____ . - Answer presented very quickly and in the right side of space If you presented a picture of a tree to a split brain patient in only the right side of space, which of the following would occur? - Answer The person could state that a tree had been presented. If you present a picture of an apple to a split brain patient in only the left visual field, which of the following would occur? - Answer The person would be able to draw the apple using the left hand. Describe the brain regions that were affected in Phineas Gage and the behavioral changes that resulted. - Answer - The brain region that was primarily affected in Phineas Gage's brain was his prefrontal cortex and more specifically his Orbitofrontal cortex. Some behaviors changes associated with this resulted in Gage becoming fitful, irreverent, utilizing gross profanity, and basically becoming a completely new person. These changes are associated with the damage to his PFC and Orbitofrontal cortex as these areas are prominent in affecting affect and emotion. i) Define psychopathology. ii) What are the brain changes that are typically found in psychopaths? - Answer i.) the scientific study of mental disorders. ii.) - The brain changes stem from a multi modal approach tha from biological, psychological, and environmental influences. I believe this biopsychosocial approach is accurate in determining how these brain changes can take places. Especially, rather than seeing the causing stemming from just one area. Moreover, he mentioned that the Orbito Cortex and the anterior temporal cortex are affected. Also, if the carrier has an MAIO gene this could also lead to aggressive behaviors especially if this gene is influenced during a young age by traumatic events. What are the three main regions of the PFC? What is the functional role of each? Which of these areas is/are affected in Phineas Gage and/or the Psychopath? How does the PFC contribute to the experience and expression of emotion? - Answer -Dorsolateral -Responsible for executive function, response selection, inhibition of competing responses, holding content in working memory, planning -Ventromedial -Social decision making and reflecting on the self -Orbitofrontal -Integration of emotion with cognition, risk/reward evaluation, determining appropriate behavior for situation... This was a specific area affected in Gage's personality -PFC plays a critical role in the experience and expression of emotion by integrating different areas of the brain to determine and express what emotion is conveyed during an event. The PFC has many input connections from the sensory cortex, dorsomedial thalamus, amygdala, VTA/reward system and output connections from the sensory association cortex, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and hypothalamus which are responsible in some way for processing a given situation. However, all these connections together gather their information to the PFC which then is able to provide the appropriate response. How is fear processed in the brain? What structures/regions are important in processing fear? stimuli - Answer - Fear is processed by structures in the limbic system. Specifically, the amygdala which is also linked to the Basal ganglia, medial temporal lobes, and hypothalamus. The amygdala is the central area where fear is processed, but it is also linked to these other areas where they also helped to process the fear. The basal ganglia and medial temporal lobes are respectively responsible for nondeclarative and declarative memory which is important as this helps the fear be associated with a particular memory. Forthrightly, this can prove beneficial as it will help you learn from you past of what things are dangerous and that you should avoid from an evolutionary perspective. Moreover, the hypothalamus helps to stimulate the autonomic NS which is essential as it will prepare you for the fight-or-flight situation when fear is being processed by the brain and what behaviors need to be conducted to survive. Also, the frontal lobes, PFC, Cingulate cortexà ability to respond to emotion determine if something is a threat or not a) What is emotion? What are the basic emotions and their significance to different cultures? - Answer Emotions are cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings. Basic emotions are happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. These are believed to be innate and are important universally to different cultures as a means for social communication and survival b) How does the James-Lange theory propose that emotions arise? - Answer Proposes that emotions are our interpretation of the physiological responses of the body.