TEST BANK NEUROSCIENCE Exploring the Brain (2015, WOLTERS KLUWER) MARK F. BEAR, BARRY W. CONNORS, MICHAEL A. PARADISO

TEST BANK NEUROSCIENCE Exploring the Brain (2015, WOLTERS KLUWER) MARK F. BEAR, BARRY W. CONNORS, MICHAEL A. PARADISO. Why are a broad perspective and an interdisciplinary approach required for understanding the brain? Choose the correct option. A) Understanding the brain is a focused area in natural science with the brain serving as the common point of focus. B) Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from the structure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of the brain. C) Understanding the brain requires the study of the different species of the brain. D) Understanding the brain requires the analysis of one approach at a time to yield a new synthesis. 2. Galen's study of sheep brains was the basis for a theory of brain function that prevailed for almost 1500 years. Which of the following represents this view? Choose the correct option. A) The heart as the center of intellect and the brain as the cooling system B) Localization of brain function in the cerebrum and cerebellum C) Mind–brain duality D) Parceling the cerebrum into lobes 3. What is “mind–brain problem”? Choose the correct option. A) Individually, human mental capacities exist in the mind that is outside the brain. B) The mind is the same as the brain. C) Both animals and people possess intellect and a God-given soul. D) The pineal gland is a spiritual entity. 4. What notion was displaced by the concept of nerves being described as wires? Choose the correct option. A) Nerves are channels that communicate with the brain by the movement of fluids. B) Muscles can be twitched when nerves are stimulated electrically and the brain itself may generate electricity. C) Signals to the muscles causing movement use the same wires as those that register sensations from the skin. D) Nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain. 5. The combined work of Bell and Magendie revealed a fundamental fact about the spinal nerves. Choose the correct option. A) Spinal nerves are myelinated. B) Spinal nerves are bundles of sensory and motor nerves, and in each sensory and motor nerve fiber, transmission is strictly one-way. C) Spinal nerves are not hollow tubes carrying fluid. D) Both humans and animals have spinal nerves. 1 | P a g e6. For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head? Choose the correct option. A) To understand the propensity for certain personality traits B) To demonstrate equal participation of all regions of the brain in all cerebral functions C) To show that nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain D) To show that unique human mental capabilities exist outside the brain 7. On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain? Choose the correct option. A) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the right frontal lobe B) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the occipital lobe C) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the left frontal lobe D) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the cerebellum 8. To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits that can develop? Choose the correct option. A) Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens B) Charles Darwin C) Gustav Fritsch and Edward Hitzig D) Franz Joseph Gall 9. Which of the following is a correct explanation of a disorder that affects the nervous system? Choose the correct option. A) Cerebral palsy is a motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth. B) Epilepsy is a progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance. C) Stroke involves a loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord. D) Alzheimer's disease is a severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior. 2 | P a g e10. A neuroscientist is investigating how different neural circuits in the brain analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements. At what level of analysis is this research conducted? Choose the correct option. A) Molecular neuroscience level B) Cellular neuroscience level C) Systems neuroscience level D) Cognitive neuroscience level 11. What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain? Choose the correct option. A) Animal brains are identical to human brains but only smaller in size. B) Brain mechanisms that motivate any reaction are identical in animal and human brains. C) The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms. D) Animal brains are easier to obtain than human brains. 12. How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for different behavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies? Choose the correct option. A) By studying the similarities in response pattern to fear in different species B) By studying neurons one at a time C) By comparing the specializations of the brains of different species D) By systematically destroying each part of the brain and studying its implication 13. At which level of analysis do neuroscientists study the different types of neurons and their functions? Choose the correct option. A) Cellular neuroscience B) Cognitive neuroscience C) Molecular neuroscience D) Behavioral neuroscience 14. What is the difference between replication and verification? Choose the correct option. A) Replication tests a hypothesis, whereas verification rechecks the hypothesis. B) Replication can only be done once, whereas verification can be done many times. C) Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer. D) Replication and verification are not essentially different. 3 | P a g e15. Galen suggested that the cerebrum, which was soft, should be the recipient of sensations. He was of the view that to form memories, sensations should be imprinted onto the brain. Thus, this must occur in the doughy cerebrum. Although the conclusion is right, the reason suggested by Galen is incorrect. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Scientists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries proposed the structure– function relationship between the white matter and gray matter in the brain. According to this relationship, gray matter contained the fibers that bring information to and from the white matter. True or false? A) True B) False 17. Rats are considered valuable models for the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. True or false? A) True B) False 18. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is formed of the animal rights representatives. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Scientists use a approach to understand how the brain works. In this approach, neuroscientists break a complex problem into systematic experimental analysis. 20. The process of verification, if pieces for , establishes new scientific fact or, if , suggests new interpretations for the original observation. Answer Key 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. C 4 | P a g e13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. reductionist, smaller 20. affirmative, negative 5 | P a g e1. What does the “neuron doctrine” state? Choose the correct option. A) Neurites of different cells fuse together to form a continuous reticulum. B) Individual cells communicate by contact and not continuity. C) The cell body of a neuron contains organelles. D) The elementary functional unit of all tissues is the individual cell. 2. What is a primary function of MAPs? Choose the correct option. A) Regulate the function and assembly of microtubules B) Regulate the function and assembly of microfilaments C) Regulate the function and assembly of neurofilaments D) Regulate the function and assembly of cytoskeleton 3. Neurons comprise two main structures: axons and dendrites. What is a major difference between the two? Choose the correct option. A) Dendrites are of uniform diameter throughout, whereas axons taper to a point. B) Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons. C) A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons. D) Dendrites travel long distances, whereas axons are always short. 4. A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of a neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? Choose the correct option. A) Organelle B) Soma C) Neuronal membrane D) Nuclear envelope 5. What do you understand by the term translation? Choose the correct option. A) Assembling a piece of mRNA B) Assembling proteins from amino acids C) Removal of introns and specific exons D) The “reading” of DNA 6. What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Choose the correct option. A) RNA splicing B) Post-translational protein processing C) Site of protein synthesis D) Cellular respiration 7. What does the mitochondrion “inhale”? Choose the correct option. A) Pyruvic acid B) CytosolC) Adenosine triphosphate D) Amino acids 8. Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal. Choose the correct option. A) Axon terminals have more microtubules. B) The axon has more synaptic vesicles than the axon terminal. C) Ribosomes are present in the axon terminal. D) There are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal. 9. What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? Choose the correct option. A) Release synaptic vesicles B) Detect neurotransmitters C) Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft D) Form gap junctions 10. Identify the protein that helps anterograde transport move materials from the soma to the terminal. Choose the correct option. A) Dynein B) Kinesin C) Pyruvic acid D) MAP 11. Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements? Choose the correct option. A) Microfilament B) Neurofilament C) Microtubule D) Tubulin 12. What is retrograde axoplasmic transport? Choose the correct option. A) Movement of material from axon terminal to soma B) Movement of material from soma to axon terminal C) Movement of material within the synaptic terminal D) Movement of material among axon collaterals 13. Some neurons have long axons that stretch from one part of the CNS to another. What are these called? Choose the correct option. A) Interneurons B) Golgi type II neurons C) Golgi type I neurons D) Motor neurons14. What is the region where the axon begins? Choose the correct option. A) Soma B) Axon hillock C) Axon collateral D) Axon terminal 15. Molecular neurobiologists study the information contained in genes to determine the structure and functions of the neuronal proteins. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Dendritic spines are sensitive to the quality of the environment experienced during early development. True or false? A) True B) False 17. During transcription, transcription factors regulate the process of binding RNA polymerase to the promoter to initiate RNA synthesis. True or false? A) True B) False 18. Ribosomes take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins using the blueprint provided by the mRNA. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Free ribosomes that appear to be attached by a thread are called polyribosomes. The thread is a single strand of .20. Pathological changes in axonal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are called tau. This pathological change is implicated in the dementia that accompanies . Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. mRNA 20. Alzheimer's disease1. A simple reflex requires the nervous system to perform three functions. Two of these functions are to collect and distribute information. What is the third function? Choose the correct option. A) Disintegrate information B) Integrate information C) Disperse information D) Translate information 2. What is resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest B) Generation and conduction of action potential at rest C) Positive charge of the membrane at rest D) Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular fluid 3. What is capacitance? Choose the correct option. A) Electrical potential difference B) Storage of electric charge C) Voltage across neuronal membrane D) Migration of electric charge 4. Which of the following are the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons? Choose the correct option. A) Polar bonds B) Phospholipid bilayers C) Ions D) Ionic bonds 5. How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) These lipids encourage chemical interactions with water. B) These lipids catalyze chemical reactions. C) These lipids integrate cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluid. D) These lipids form a barrier to water-soluble ions and water. 6. Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion? Choose the correct option. A) Selective ionic permeability B) Sodium potassium pump C) Electrical resistance D) Electrical conductance 7. How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals? Choose the correct option.A) Action potentials diminish over distance; passively conducted signals do not diminish over distance. B) Action potentials occur only in nerve cells; passively conducted signals occur only in muscle cells. C) Action potentials are transmitted over short distances; passively conducted signals are conducted over long distances. D) Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration. 8. How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out B) Pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out C) Exchanges a sodium ion and a potassium ion for a calcium ion D) Uses calcium ions to pump sodium ions and potassium ions against their concentration gradients 9. Which of the following mechanisms decrease intracellular [Ca2+ ]? Choose the correct option. A) The calcium pump B) Intracellular calcium-binding proteins C) Organelles that sequester cytosolic calcium ions D) All of the above 10. What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential? Choose the correct option. A) Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration B) Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient C) Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for a particular ion D) Difference in concentration between a region with a high ionic concentration and a region with a low ionic concentration11. What is the term used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+]o astrocytes? Choose the correct option. A) Depolarization B) Potassium spatial buffering C) Blood-brain barrier D) Goldman equation 12. Distinguish between the “head” and “tail” of phospholipids. Choose the correct option. A) Phospholipids have a nonpolar “head” and polar “tail.” B) The phospholipid's “head” contains hydrophilic phosphate and “tail” contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon. C) The phospholipid's “head” is hydrophobic and the hydrocarbon “tail” is hydrophilic. D) The phospholipid's “heads” face each other, and their “tails” face the watery extracellular and intracellular environments. 13. In which condition do astrocytes take up extracellular K+? Choose the correct option. A) When extracellular potassium concentrations rise B) When extracellular potassium concentrations fall C) When there is a potassium equilibrium potential D) All of the above 14. Which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels? Choose the correct option. A) Number of protein molecules assembling to form a pore B) Number of ion channels in the membrane C) Nature of the R groups lining the ion channel D) Gating properties 15. Both neurons and muscle cells have excitable membranes. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Protein shape influences protein function. True or false? A) True B) False by17. Peptide bonds are a chain of a single amino acid. True or false? A) True B) False 18. The differences between amino acids result from the differences in the size and nature of the R groups. True or false? A) True B) False 19. The subunits of different potassium channels have common structural features that bestow selectivity for K+ ions. A is one such structural feature. 20. All amino acids have a central (alpha) Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. pore loop 20. carbon atom.1. How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of the falling phase? Choose the correct option. A) 2 nanoseconds B) 2 msec C) 2 seconds D) 2 microseconds 2. What is meant by the action potential threshold? Choose the correct option. A) Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential B) Critical level of hyperpolarization required to trigger an action potential C) The action potential threshold is the same as the generator potential. D) Critical level at which electrical current is injected through a microelectrode 3. What is the absolute refractory period? Choose the correct option. A) The period when the firing frequency is at about 1000 Hz B) The time period of about 1 msec after an action potential before another one can be initiated C) The time period of several milliseconds when it is difficult to initiate another action potential due to sodium channel inactivation D) The time period when the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close 4. The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential? Choose the correct option. A) Inward Na+ B) Outward K+ C) Outward Na+ D) Inward K+ 5. How does the sodium channel selectivity filter differentiate between Na+ and K+ ions? Choose the correct option. A) The sodium channel identifies K+ ions as having the wrong charge. B) The K+ ions are stripped of all their water molecules, but the Na+ ions are not. C) The sodium channel admits a Na+ water complex, with the water serving as a molecular chaperone through the channel. D) K+ ions are excluded by voltage gating.6. How does tetrodotoxin (TTX) affect channels? Choose the correct option. A) TTX blocks K+ channels. B) TTX blocks Na+ channels. C) TTX blocks Cl– channels. D) TTX sensitizes voltage-gated Na+ channels. 7. How have toxins been used as a research tool? Choose the correct option. A) As an experimental treatment for epilepsy B) To deliver foreign genes within a test animal C) To study the consequences of enhancing action potentials D) To study the consequences of blocking action potentials 8. How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open? Choose the correct option. A) Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 3 msec after depolarization. B) Voltage-gated potassium channels open as soon as the membrane is depolarized beyond threshold. C) Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 1 msec after the membrane is depolarized. D) Voltage-gated potassium channels open when action potentials fire at maximal frequency. 9. What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential? Choose the correct option. A) Voltage-gated potassium channels maintain the resting membrane potential. B) Voltage-gated potassium channels help depolarize the membrane toward the threshold for an action potential. C) Voltage-gated potassium channels interfere with sodium conductance. D) Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after the spike. 10. How does myelin help increase conduction velocity? Choose the correct option. A) It provides electrical insulation. B) It makes the membrane more excitable. C) It contains voltage-gated sodium channels. D) It increases axonal diameter.11. Why do action potentials travel in only one direction? Choose the correct option. A) The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated potassium channels. B) The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated sodium channels. C) Membrane proteins are destroyed when an action potential fires and it takes time to replace them. D) There is not enough sodium in the extracellular space after an action potential has just fired. 12. Where is the spike-initiation zone in a typical neuron? Choose the correct option. A) The axon hillock B) The axon terminal C) The cell body D) The part of the neuron where the dendrites originate from the soma 13. What property of the voltage-gated potassium channels allows K+ ions to pass? Choose the correct option. A) Two polypeptide subunits are synthesized when the membrane is depolarized, allowing K+ ions to pass. B) Depolarization causes the subunits to temporarily disintegrate so that K+ ions can pass through the membrane. C) The voltage-gated potassium channels open when the polypeptide subunits are disinhibited. D) Depolarization causes the four polypeptide subunits specific to the voltage-gated K+ channel to twist into a shape that allows K+ ions to pass.