SPCE 630 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Graded A

SPCE 630 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Graded A strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs include all of the following except history the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is removing a successful intervention external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by having at least 3 participants unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve a second intervention phase which is the most powerful within-subject design? ABAB in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to occur? immediately after condition changes when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for intervention 1 which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention is not withdrawn, lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for external validity, cannot determine functional relationships) intervention is not withdrawn what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs? disclose and describe the withdrawal condition during the consent process the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to internal validity? a) history, maturation, data instability b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability d history refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome maturation changes in behavior due to passage of time testing threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly facilitative effect an improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions inhibitive effect a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions multiple-treatment interference occurs when a study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned "treatments" or interventions during the course of a study sequential confounding when the order in which experimental conditions are introduced to participants influences their behavior carryover effect the effect when a procedure used in one experimental condition influences behavior in an adjacent condition instability the amount of variability in the data over time cyclical veriability a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time variability also referred to as data instability regression to the mean refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value instrumentation threats refers to the concerns of the measurement system procedural infidelity refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers selection bias involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest attrition refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study attrition bias refers to the likelihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study sampling bias occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional, non-explicated reasons for including or excluding potential participants adaptation refers to a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which data are collected hawthorne effect refers to participants' observed behavior not being representative of their natural behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment threats to internal validity include testing, maturation, procedural infidelity the hypothesis that assumes that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause is the alternative hypothesis Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreased rates of disruptive behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data throughout the duration of the school year across two elementary schools. In school A, all k-6 classrooms used the Good Behavior Game. In School B, no classrooms used the Good Behavior Game. At the end of the school year, Dr. Jones shouted, "Eureka! The Good Behavior Game works," when in fact it had no impact on student disruptive behavior. This is an example of type 1 error the primary purpose of the literature review is to describe what is known about a topic, build a rationale for the study, identify research procedures to strengthen a study which of the following is true about SCRD? most studies include more than one participant what are limitations of group designs? - only have one or two measurement occasions - provide no information on which individual subejcts changes - provide no information on how the individual subjects changed Dr. Lestremau is employed in a large, urban school district with 10 elementary schools. She wants to evaluate the use of a new math curriculum to teach multiplication to 3rd grade students. She will administer a math pre-test to all students. She will then randomly assign five schools to the new math curriculum. The other five schools will keep using the existing curriculum. At the end of the year she will administer a math post-test to all students. Dr. Lestremau is using group research design methodology According to Carr and Briggs (2010) practitioners of applied behavior analysis should base their professional activities on the research literature. One barrier is the cost of journal subscriptions. A solution suggested by Carr and Briggs (2010) includes Reading articles in journals, such as, the Journal of Behavior Assessment and Intervention in Children, which provide articles for free Which of the following is the correct format for a parenthetical citation with 4 authors for the first parenthetical citation in text (APA 7th edition) (Deringer et al., 2017) primary reason for replicating the findings of a study to assess the generality of a study which is true about partial interval recording it over-estimates the occurrence of behavior primary goal of SCRD To determine whether a causal or functional relationship exists between a research manipulated independent variable and a meaningful change in the dependent variable Dr. Tingstrom is interested in evaluating the effectiveness of tootling for increasing positive peer reporting in an elementary classroom. He collects data in Mrs. Dobbs's fourth grade classroom. He hopes to demonstrate the same effects of tootling with the same classroom more than once in the same study. Specifically, he hopes that behaviors are at similar levels when the intervention is in place compared to when it is withdrawn. This is an example of: direct intra-subject replication A BCBA is interested in evaluating the use of fidgets to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism spectrum disorder. Prior to conducting her study, she conducts a literature review to identify existing research. She is struggling to find articles on this topic. Which of the following are strategies that she could use to help her to find literature on this topic? She can use the "Background Information" pages to find titles that can provide her with terms, names, and dates that can help her to search effectively for more in-depth information. whole interval recording ____ behavior underestimates Jacob recently conducted a study at a residential center in which he evaluated a procedure to train direct care staff to increase positive interactions with the residents during mealtime. After evaluating his data, he became concerned that one of the data collectors held beliefs that impacted the data in a predictable direction. Jacob is most likely concerned with which of the following observer bias reliable measurement is consistent The research question "Is time-out or response cost more effective in reducing challenging behavior for elementary school children?" is considered a comparative question measures of dispersion range, variance, standard deviation A research study has groups that are randomly assigned, high attrition, similarity of groups prior to the start of the intervention, and minimal confounding variables. Based on the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Standards, this study is likely to receive which of the following designations meets WWC standards with reservations time-lagged designs include which of the following The repetition of the basic A-B comparison across a set of three or more participants, behaviors, or contexts purposes of replication - assess internal validity (reliability) - assess external validity (generality) - look for exceptions direct replication the repetition of a given experiment by the same experimenter accomplished either by performing the experiment again with new subjects or by making repeated observations on the same participant under each of several conditions intra-participant direct replication repeat an experimental effect with the same participants inter-participant direct replication repeat the experimental effect across participants in the same study sequential introduction and withdrawal designs include repetition of basic A-B comparisons within a single participant time lagged designs include the repetition of basic A-B comparison across a set of three or more participants, behaviors, or contexts rapid iterative alternation repetition of an A-B comparison with single session replication and comparisons clinical replication administration of a treatment package containing two or more distinct treatment procedures by the same investigator or group of investigators, administered in a specific setting to a series of clients presenting similar combinations of multiple behavioral and emotional problems, which usually cluster together systematic replication a researcher carries out a planned series of studies that incorporate systematic changes from one study to the next and identifies them as a replication series