Trl3702
Oct nov 2023
QUESTION 1
1.1 Ikioda in his article, “The impact of road construction on market and street
trading in Lagos” identifies negative consequences on informal trading due to
provision of new transport infrastructure. These are:
The expansion of markets to roadsides have often been implicated in issues
of illegal refuse dumping, traffic congestion and general urban inefficiencies in
the city's transport system. An example in South Africa is at Church street in
Pretoria central where these markets are in large numbers causing traffic
congestion and illegal dumping in ther city.
Their presence constitutes a menace and nuisance to urban development
This situation is not specific to Lagos alone as market and street trading in
most African cities have been typically viewed as informal economic activities
often clashing with the ideals of what is the modern African City should be.
The desire to fulfil a variety of urban planning measures and promote urban
modernity, annihilating the disorder and spatial unruliness that this sort of
informality suggests, often is a key strategy at the expense of how those
affected and displaced survive.
The impact of road construction on women's trade in rural Nigeria shows that
there are specific implications for women during road construction projects
because they predominate in roadside trade and often end up being more
isolated and more unequal as a consequence of this impact.
1.2 Jones, Moura and Domingos in their article, “Transport Infrastructure
Project Evaluation using Cost-Benefit Analysis”, criticise this technique. The
three most important disadvantages of using this technique.
, It monetizes non-market goods
Its discounting of long-term environmental
Its discounting of long-term environmental consequences
1.3 With reference to the prescribed article of Leiman, “Efficiency and Road
Privatisation: Bidding, tolling and the user pays principle” page 128 of the
article:would you say the e-tolling has improved or worsened the situation?
One might say e- tolling has improved the situation to a lesser extend
because the tolls levied in South Africa are not based on actual axle loading,
but on potential vehicle capacity (number of axles). A vehicle laden to the
legal limit pays no more than one carrying a far lesser load. The implicit
incentive is to reduce the number of vehicles and to load them more heavily.
This reinforces the effects of existing scale-economies in road transport,
which already induce overloading.
Also because fully laden heavy vehicles are not paying the full costs that they
impose, and are being subsidised by drivers of light vehicles. This is clear
even though there is little consistency in the ratio of tolls paid by heavy
vehicles to those paid by light ones so e-tolling has improved the situation to a
lesser extend.
However one might also say that e -tolling has improved the situation to a
lesser extend because When tolling was first introduced in South Africa, a
basic premise was that all tolled roads would have untolled alternate routes
available. Although this is no longer the case, there are still many such
freeway alternatives. In addition many are open-access toll roads that interlink
with unmonitored, uncontrolled and untolled side roads. Tolling creates an
incentive for drivers to use these alternate routes.
1.4 With reference to the NATMAP document Chapter 6 dealing with transport
infrastructure in aviation from page 6.22 onwards explain your understanding
of an aerotropolis and give two examples of aerotropolises in South Africa.
Oct nov 2023
QUESTION 1
1.1 Ikioda in his article, “The impact of road construction on market and street
trading in Lagos” identifies negative consequences on informal trading due to
provision of new transport infrastructure. These are:
The expansion of markets to roadsides have often been implicated in issues
of illegal refuse dumping, traffic congestion and general urban inefficiencies in
the city's transport system. An example in South Africa is at Church street in
Pretoria central where these markets are in large numbers causing traffic
congestion and illegal dumping in ther city.
Their presence constitutes a menace and nuisance to urban development
This situation is not specific to Lagos alone as market and street trading in
most African cities have been typically viewed as informal economic activities
often clashing with the ideals of what is the modern African City should be.
The desire to fulfil a variety of urban planning measures and promote urban
modernity, annihilating the disorder and spatial unruliness that this sort of
informality suggests, often is a key strategy at the expense of how those
affected and displaced survive.
The impact of road construction on women's trade in rural Nigeria shows that
there are specific implications for women during road construction projects
because they predominate in roadside trade and often end up being more
isolated and more unequal as a consequence of this impact.
1.2 Jones, Moura and Domingos in their article, “Transport Infrastructure
Project Evaluation using Cost-Benefit Analysis”, criticise this technique. The
three most important disadvantages of using this technique.
, It monetizes non-market goods
Its discounting of long-term environmental
Its discounting of long-term environmental consequences
1.3 With reference to the prescribed article of Leiman, “Efficiency and Road
Privatisation: Bidding, tolling and the user pays principle” page 128 of the
article:would you say the e-tolling has improved or worsened the situation?
One might say e- tolling has improved the situation to a lesser extend
because the tolls levied in South Africa are not based on actual axle loading,
but on potential vehicle capacity (number of axles). A vehicle laden to the
legal limit pays no more than one carrying a far lesser load. The implicit
incentive is to reduce the number of vehicles and to load them more heavily.
This reinforces the effects of existing scale-economies in road transport,
which already induce overloading.
Also because fully laden heavy vehicles are not paying the full costs that they
impose, and are being subsidised by drivers of light vehicles. This is clear
even though there is little consistency in the ratio of tolls paid by heavy
vehicles to those paid by light ones so e-tolling has improved the situation to a
lesser extend.
However one might also say that e -tolling has improved the situation to a
lesser extend because When tolling was first introduced in South Africa, a
basic premise was that all tolled roads would have untolled alternate routes
available. Although this is no longer the case, there are still many such
freeway alternatives. In addition many are open-access toll roads that interlink
with unmonitored, uncontrolled and untolled side roads. Tolling creates an
incentive for drivers to use these alternate routes.
1.4 With reference to the NATMAP document Chapter 6 dealing with transport
infrastructure in aviation from page 6.22 onwards explain your understanding
of an aerotropolis and give two examples of aerotropolises in South Africa.
