Chapter 5 Hormones and the Brain

© 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain TEST QUESTIONS Essay/Discussion Prepare a comprehensive discussion for each of the following topics: 1. Describe the categories of chemical communication between cells and between animals. 2. Discuss the molecular structure of the major classes of hormones, giving examples of each. 3. Compare and contrast hormonal communication and neural function. 4. Describe, in general terms, the ways in which negative feedback controls hormone levels. 5. Give an overview of the control and function of the anterior pituitary. 6. Describe the mechanisms of steroid action on cells. 7. Describe the mechanisms of peptide hormones on cells. 8. The pituitary was once described as the “master gland.” Explain. 9. Describe the adrenal glands, noting their major secretions and the ways in which their output is controlled. 10. Identify and describe the major classes of hormones and their receptors. 11. Describe the mechanisms by which stress can affect body growth. 12. Identify the major gonadal hormones and the structures that secrete them as well as the tropic hormones that control them. 13. Discuss the regulation of blood glucose levels by hormones. 14. Discuss how oxytocin and vasopressin affect social behavior in rodents. Describe the experimental evidence that supports the role of these hormones for different behaviors. 15. The endocrine and nervous systems interact to produce integrated behavior. Both the milk-letdown reflex and the courtship behavior of ringdoves are good examples of behaviors that illustrate these hormone‒neural interactions. For both the reflex and the behavior, describe the neural‒neural transmission, neural‒endocrine transmission, and endocrine‒endocrine transmission that occur and the anatomical components involved. Multiple Choice 1. If a hormone-secreting cell is affected by the hormone that it synthesizes, the hormone is said to act in a(n) _______ fashion. a. autocrine b. exocrine c. paracrine d. endocrine Answer: a Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 2. Which substance is an amine hormone? a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. Cortisol d. Melatonin Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 3. Some flowers attract bees by releasing _______ into the air. a. nectar b. pheromones c. pollen d. allomones Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 4. Which substance is not a peptide hormone? a. Thyroid hormone b. Oxytocin c. FSH d. TRH Answer: a © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 5. Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve a. all-or-none impulses. b. specialized receptor molecules. c. movement of materials through the bloodstream. d. voluntary control. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 6. Steroid hormones are derived from a. protein. b. thiamine. c. cholesterol. d. acetylcholine. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 7. Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally a. more widespread in the body. b. produced by comparable quantities of substance. c. more limited with respect to target sites. d. shorter lasting. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 8. As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that a. the testes secrete testosterone. b. the testes release a masculinizing chemical into the blood. c. hormones are important for homeostasis. d. castration has different effects in birds than in mammals. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 9. Neuromodulators a. have a rapid action and directly activate synapses. b. enter cells and alter gene transcription. c. directly generate action potentials. d. are released into synapses and act gradually. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 10. The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves a. four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. b. short chains of amino acids. c. long chains of amino acids. d. modified tyrosine molecules. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 11. The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves a. four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. b. short chains of amino acids. c. long chains of amino acids. d. modified tyrosine molecules. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 12. Which of the following is an amine hormone? a. Glucagon b. Prolactin c. Thyroxine d. Growth hormone Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 13. Which observation provides evidence for the effect of steroids on gene transcription? a. Taking birth control pills prevents pregnancy. b. Stress hormones can increase heart rate. c. Growth hormone causes growth in children. d. Body builders that take testosterone have increased growth of muscle cells. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 14. A newly developed drug that blocks cell membrane receptors would likely have the greatest effect on a. aldosterone. b. testosterone. c. cortisol. d. vasopressin. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 15. Taking supplemental testosterone may a. increase aggressive or manic behaviors. b. facilitate increased concentration. c. induce calm and contentment. d. increase cognitive processing speed. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 16. Hormones of the _______ are _______, which promotes development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, and _______, which prepares breasts for milk secretion. a. pituitary; estrogens; oxytocin b. ovaries; estrogens; progestins c. ovaries; estrogens; oxytocin d. ovaries; progestins; estrogens Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 17. After a meal, glucose from the food enters the bloodstream, causing insulin to be released from the a. stomach b. thyroid. c. pancreas. d. pineal gland. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 18. Which technique could be used to determine whether the receptors of a particular hormone are located in a specific type of cell? a. Immunocytochemistry b. Radioimmunoassay c. Autoradiography d. Both a and c Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 19. Two cells that contain similar steroid receptors may nevertheless respond differently to the steroid if they a. contain different DNA strands. b. make different steroid receptor cofactors. © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. have been down-regulated. d. lack differentiation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 20. Which hormones act by entering cells and attaching to DNA, thereby altering gene expression? a. Thyroid hormones b. Protein hormones c. Peptide hormones d. Allomones Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 21. The rapid effects of estrogen (within seconds) on neurons is an example of a. nonspecific binding. b. cross-reactivity. c. nongenomic steroid action. d. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 22. Typically, steroid hormones exert their effects by a. changing the composition of the myelin sheath. b. entering cells and altering gene expression. c. altering synaptic functioning. d. binding to receptors of the cell membrane like other hormones. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 23. When _______ is released from the cells of the pancreas, blood levels of glucose _______. a. glucagon; stay level b. insulin; rise c. glucagon; fall d. insulin; fall Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 24. Which enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol? a. Aromatase © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Aromaticase c. Acetylcholinesterase d. Helicase Answer: a Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 25. The hormone epinephrine is secreted from the a. anterior pituitary. b. adrenal cortex. c. thyroid. d. adrenal medulla. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 26. If a person does not release sufficient amounts of oxytocin and vasopressin, the sources of the problem are likely to be found in the _______ or the _______. a. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary b. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary c. posterior pituitary; median eminence d. anterior pituitary; median eminence Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 27. One of the developmental consequences of a diet that is insufficient in iodine is a. diabetes. b. memory disorders. c. dwarfism. d. cretinism. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 28. Which substance is a mineralocorticoid? a. Aldosterone b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone c. Glucagon d. Androstenedione Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 29. The secretion of the hormone melatonin is directly regulated by the a. thalamus. © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. pituitary. c. superior cervical ganglion. d. basal ganglia. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 30. A hormone that is normally found only in males is a. testosterone. b. androstenedione. c. LH. d. None of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 31. Which hormone is secreted particularly during sleep? a. ACTH b. Growth hormone c. Androstenedione d. Cortisol Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 32. _______ appears to play an important role in governing the onset of puberty. a. Kisspeptin b. Aldosterone c. Testosterone d. Estrogen Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 33. Abnormal levels of TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone in an individual may be caused by a(n) a. tumor in the posterior pituitary. b. tumor in the anterior pituitary c. tumor in the adrenal gland. d. loss of GnRH-secreting cells. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 34. Vasopressin is secreted by the a. kidneys. © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. anterior pituitary. c. posterior pituitary. d. adrenal cortex. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 35. Aldosterone is secreted by the a. kidneys. b. anterior pituitary. c. posterior pituitary. d. adrenal cortex. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 36. In vertebrates, the sensitivity of receptors to stimulation in the postpartum female’s nipple is required for a. making oxytocin. b. making milk. c. a normal milk letdown reflex. d. All of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 37. Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? a. Growth hormone b. Cortisol c. Androstenedione d. Estrogen Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 38. The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they a. are released into the bloodstream. b. affect only brain cells. c. affect only the pituitary. d. affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 39. The steroid hormones cortisol and corticosterone are released by the _______ in response to the hormone _______. © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. kidney; ACTH b. kidney; AVP c. adrenals; AVP d. adrenals; ACTH Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 40. Which statement about oxytocin and vasopressin is true? a. They are secreted in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones. b. They are amine hormones. c. They are anterior pituitary hormones. d. They are synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 41. The anterior pituitary is also known as the a. neurohypophysis. b. massa intermedia. c. infundibulum. d. adenohypophysis. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 42. Which dietary measure is helpful in preventing goiter? a. Adequate tyrosine in the diet b. Consumption of iodized salt c. Consumption of bananas (high potassium content) d. Decreasing the amount of salt in one’s diet Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 43. Which factor probably does not contribute to psychosocial dwarfism in children? a. Over production of growth hormone b. Elevated cortisol levels c. Stress d. Increased production of epinephrine Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 44. The _______ cells of the testes produce testosterone under the influence of _______. a. Sertoli; FSH © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Leydig; LH c. Sertoli; LH d. Leydig; FSH Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 45. In the body’s synthesis of steroids, _______ is (are) synthesized from _______. a. progesterone; estrogens b. testosterone; estrogens c. progesterone; testosterone d. estrogens; testosterone Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 46. Normal growth of the body is stimulated not only by growth hormone but also by _______, which are released by the _______. a. glucocorticoids; adrenal cortex b. peptides; gut (duodenum and mucosa) c. amine hormones; adrenal medulla d. somatomedins; liver Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 47. Damage to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei would result in problems with a. releasing hormones. b. production of oxytocin and vasopressin. c. release of ACTH. d. production of melatonin. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 48. Damage to the sympathetic nervous system would affect the release of _______ from the adrenal glands. a. glucocorticoids b. mineralocorticoids c. epinephrine and norepinephrine d. androstenedione Answer: c Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 49. Without negative feedback from androgens to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, which of the following would be disrupted? a. Regulation of GnRH release b. Follicle development c. Progesterone production d. All of the above Answer: a Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 50. The fatigue that is experienced as “jet lag” after a long airplane flight is caused by a(n) a. excessive secretion of melatonin. b. lack of melatonin secretion. c. disruption of one’s exposure to sunlight. d. mismatch between melatonin secretion and the time of day upon arrival. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 51. Which hormones have been implicated in the formation of social bonds? a. Estrogen and oxytocin b. Aldosterone and vasopressin c. Oxytocin and vasopressin d. Thyroxine and estrogen Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 52. Which statement about oxytocin is true? a. Oxytocin receptors are found only in females. b. Infusions of oxytocin impair male recognition of familiar female mice. c. It improves maze navigation in female mice. d. It induces satisfaction, thereby reducing interaction or contact with others. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 53. Men rooting for a sports team will produce more _______ if their team wins. a. oxytocin b. TRH c. thyroxine d. testosterone Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 54. A male ringdove that is castrated in adulthood would have trouble with a. neural‒neural transmission when first seeing a female. b. endocrine‒endocrine transmission involving the anterior pituitary. c. endocrine‒neural transmission for initiating courtship behavior. d. making sperm, although courtship behavior would be normal. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 55. DREADDS are _______ that researchers embed in a membrane and that respond _______. a. viruses; to antibiotics b. oxytocin receptors; to a novel drug c. artificial receptors; only to a unique, synthetic drug d. a novel drug; to labeled antibodies Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Cutting Edge: Can Oxytocin Treat Autism Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding Fill in the Blank 1. The two hormones secreted by the pancreas (islets of Langerhans) are _______ and _______. Answer: insulin; glucagon Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 2. Specialized cells, called _______ cells, resemble both neurons and endocrine cells. Many cells of this type are found in the _______. Answer: neurosecretory; hypothalamus Textbook Reference: Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 3. Insulin causes blood levels of glucose to _______, while glucagon causes blood levels of glucose to _______. Answer: decrease; increase Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 4. Hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as _______ hormones. Answer: tropic © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 5. Concentrations of hormones in the blood may be quantified using the _______ technique. Answer: radioimmunoassay Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 6. Peptide hormone effects are often mediated by the second messenger _______. Answer: cAMP Textbook Reference: Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 7. Stimulation of the nipple of a breastfeeding mother stimulates the release of _______ from the _______ pituitary. Answer: oxytocin; posterior Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 8. Cells of the hypothalamus can respond to levels of hormones in the blood because the _______ is diminished in this location. Answer: blood–brain barrier Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 9. The principal hormones of the adrenal medulla are _______ and _______, which are secreted in response to signals from the _______ nervous system. Answer: epinephrine; norepinephrine; sympathetic Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 10. Cortisol is classified as a _______; it is secreted by the adrenal _______ in response to ACTH. Answer: glucocorticoid; cortex Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 11. In the testes, _______ cells produce testosterone and _______ cells produce sperm. Answer: Leydig; Sertoli Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 12. In the ovaries, estrogen is produced by _______ and progesterone is produced by _______. Answer: follicles; corpora lutea © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 13. The principal secretion of the pineal gland is _______, which is an amine hormone that is secreted during the _______ part of the day. Answer: melatonin; dark Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 14. A lack of thyroid hormones during development can cause a syndrome called _______, which is characterized by mental retardation. Answer: cretinism Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 15. Growth hormone secretion can be prompted by the release of the hormone _______ from the stomach. Answer: ghrelin Textbook Reference: Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 16. Male mice with the oxytocin gene knocked out can be cured of _______ with brain infusions of oxytocin. Answer: social amnesia Textbook Reference: Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 17. You feel excited by a peer at a party. The fact that you walk up to them, smooth back your hair, smile, and strike up a conversation is an example of a(n) _______ link. Answer: endocrine-to-neural Textbook Reference: Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 18. Mutations in the _______ gene are associated with _______ and autism spectrum disorder. Answer: Cntnap2; epilepsy Textbook Reference: The Cutting Edge: Can Oxytocin Treat Autism? Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering Matching Match each of the following lettered items with an item from the numbered list below. _____ a. TSH _____ b. Thyroxine _____ c. FSH © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. _____ d. Progesterone _____ e. Cortisol _____ f. ACTH _____ g. Melatonin _____ h. Releasing hormones _____ i. Growth hormone 1. Gonadal steroid 2. Adrenal steroid 3. Peptide hormone 4. Amine hormone Answer: a. 3; b. 4; c. 3; d. 1; e. 2; f. 3; g. 4; h. 3; i. 3 Define/Describe/Identify Give a definition or functional description for each of the following terms or concepts: 17β-estradiol or estradiol adrenal cortex adrenal gland adrenal medulla adrenocorticoids adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aldosterone allomone amine hormones androgens androstenedione anterior pituitary arginine vasopressin (AVP) aromatase autism spectrum disorder (ASD) autocrine autoradiography castration corpora lutea cortisol cretinism cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP, or cAMP) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP, or cGMP) designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) endocrine gland endocrine epinephrine estrogens exocrine gland © 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) follicles glucocorticoids goiter gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gonadotropin gonads growth hormone (GH) hormone hypophyseal portal system immunocytochemistry (ICC) in situ hybridization inositol triphosphate (IP3) kisspeptin luteinizing hormone (LH) median eminence melatonin milk letdown reflex mineralocorticoids negative feedback