Portage Learning Module 2 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified)

Portage Learning Module 2 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified) Organism ANS: An individual living creature Characteristics of a living thing ANS: (1) Order (2) Evolutionary Adaptation (3) Regulation (4)Energy Processing (5)Growth and Development (6) Response to Environment (7)Reproduction Cell ANS: Basic unit of life order ANS: is the taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms Example: Sun Flower- Seeds and Leaves evolutionary adaptation ANS: Is smaller genetic changes that allow for better survival. (Cold Climate- Animal grows more Fur) regulation ANS: Where optimal levels must be maintained to achieve homeostasis. When levels are not optimal the organism needs a regulatory process. ( Shivering when cold- Shivering creates heat) Energy Processing ANS: Biochemical reactions that produce energy. The sum of those biochemical reactions are metabolism. Living organisms need energy= ATP. Plant traps light for photosynthesis Metabolism ANS: The sum of biochemical reactions Growth and Development ANS: All living things experience growth or change over their lifetime. (Grows, matures, ages, Dies) Response to Environment ANS: Living things respond to their environment through adaptation. What is adaptation ANS: a change or process that allows a organism to become better suited for their environment. What is stimulus? ANS: Is anything that causes an organism to respond What is Behavioral Adaptation? ANS: A squirrel hibernating What is Physical adaptation? ANS: A crab shell becoming hard Reproduction ANS: Living thing must have a way of reproducing new and thriving generations Sexual reproduction ANS: Fusion of two gametes to make new offspring.(One gamete from each parent.) asexual reproduction ANS: A single organism creates off-spring. spore formation ANS: an asexual reproductive process in which an organism forms a special cell called a spore. ( Bacteria, Plants, Fungi) binary fission ANS: A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size. ( Prokaryotes and some Eukaryotic protOZOA.) Vegetable reproduction ANS: a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant. ( Strawberry plants) Budding ANS: Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism ( Fungi, bacteria , Cnidaria organism) Fragmentation ANS: (Star fish, Segmented worms) Levels of Biological Organization ANS: biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, macromolucules , molecules, atom Biosphere ANS: Earth and the atmosphere- All capable of sustaining living organisms- Broadest Level Ecosystem ANS: System of living and non-living things in a region. Example: Grasslands, tundras, Forests. Communities ANS: All collective organism living within a Biological system. Example: all living organism, plants, grass, fungi, animals, bacteria Populations ANS: group of one species living within a community. Several populations make a community. ( Several populations make a community) Organisms ANS: are individual living membranes of the population. ( Organisms are made up of organ systems Organ Systems ANS: Group of organs classified as a unit because of shared functions. (Urinary system-Kidneys, Ureathra, Urinary bladder Organs ANS: Structure composed of two or more tissues ( Example: Brain, Heart-) Organs are made up of tissues Tissues ANS: Group of similar cells and the environment around them Tissues are composed of cells Cells ANS: Are living structures within organelles, that function at the microscopic level Chemical Level ANS: Smallest level; Atoms to Molecules and macromolecules - Connected by chemical bonds and interactions Example of Atom? ANS: Oxygen (o) Example of Molecule ANS: O2 Example of Macromolecules ANS: Phospholipid Example of Cell ANS: Clara Cell Example of Tissue ANS: epithelial tissue Example of Organ ANS: Lung Example of Organ System ANS: Respiratory System Example of organism ANS: Lion Example of Population ANS: Pride of lions Example of Community ANS: lions and zebras example of ecosystem ANS: Lions and zebras and the environment Example of the Biosphere ANS: Earth Who developed the Hierarchical system of classification ANS: Carolus Linnaeus Taxon ANS: Unit or level of classification (species) Taxonomic levels ANS: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Phylogeny ANS: Strategy used to trace evolutionary history and diversification of a group of species Phylogenic Tree ANS: Show the relationship of different levels in the taxon. (Visual Representation) What is 16S rRNA? ANS: Barcode Gene sister taxa (sister group) ANS: Are branches that come from a point (Represents different branches) Rooted tree ANS: Node or "root" between the leaves of a tree to show evolutionary link, Unrooted Tree ANS: Shows the levels of relatedness W/O making a hypothesis about ancestry. What are the three domains? ANS: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya Archaea ANS: Single celled, microscopic organisms with a prokaryotic cell structure that reproduce through Binary Fusion Plasmids ANS: Prokaryotic cell with a nucleotide region with single, circular DNA structures Robosomal RNA (rRNA) ANS: Molecules that help create Amino Acids (Found in Archaea-) Description of Archaea ANS: These cell walls and have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to a glycerol. This linkage is call pseudopeptidoglycan How do Archaea cell move? ANS: The cells move by flagella or pili. What Environment is Archaea found in? ANS: They are found in most normal environments. What ware Archaea`s found in extreme environments? ANS: Extremophiles ( Example: Volcano) What are thermophillies? ANS: Found in volcanoes (High Temps) What are Halophiles ANS: Found in extreme saline environments ( Example: Dead Sea) Psychrophiles ANS: Thrive in Arctic Temps ( Tundra of Antartica) What kind of Cell bacteria is Eubacteria? ANS: Eubacteria is single celled Description of a Eubacteria cell? ANS: Cell structure is prokaryotic Reproduce by: Binary Fusion DNA is found plasmids Move with flagella or PILI Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and may have a sticky outer capsule Eubacteria are composed of ANS: unbranched fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol via ester linkages. Bacteria has its own rRNA. What are the three types of bacteria? ANS: pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal What is Commensal Bacteria? ANS: Are apart of the human Flora and do not benefit or harm the host. (Mouth Bacteria or - Gi Bacteria) What is Pathogenic Bacteria? ANS: Cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins What are Exotoxins? ANS: Proteins that are secreted by the bacterial cell. Ex:Vibrio Cholera secretes exotoxins that causes the intestinal cells to release chorideions, leading to dehydrating diarrhea. What are endotoxins? ANS: Toxins released upon the death of a cell. (When cell walls begin to decompose) They are present in the cell or lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane or some Bacteria cells. (Gam-Negative) Example: Salmonella poisoning humans What helps maintain the Biosphere? ANS: Prokaryotes, both Bacteria and extremophiles help. Decomposers ANS: Some prokaryotes break down dead and dying organisms to release vital elements back into the environment Single cell organisms can also convert organic materials into energy forms. autotrophic prokaryotes ANS: Release oxygen into the atmosphere and release/fix nitrogen into useable form. Prokaryotes can increase or decrease nutrient availability for plants. Symbiotic relationship ANS: Long term relationship between two organisms. One or both organism Benefit. Types: Mutualistic, Communalistic, or Parasitic. Which or organism is Symbiont? ANS: Each organism is Symbiont Mutualism (Relationship between host) ANS: mutual benefit to both organisms. Ex: E.coli in the intestinal track of humans. E.coli eats the pathogenic bacteria that would make us sick. (Humans not sick/ E.coli get nutrients) Commensalism (Relationship between host) ANS: Only one symbionts benefits while the other is unharmed. Ex: Bacteria on human skin. Bacteria= benefit, humans are not hurt but also do not benefit. Parasitism (Relationship between host) ANS: When the symbiont harms the host while benefiting. (Strep throat)