BIOD 101 Module 1 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified)

BIOD 101 Module 1 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified) What is matter, and what states can it exist in? CORRECT ANS: Matter is anything that takes up space by having volume and mass. It can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states. Explain the difference between essential and trace elements. CORRECT ANS: Essential elements are required for human life. Trace elements are required only in small quantities. Ionic bond CORRECT ANS: Generated based on the attraction between two oppositely charged particles Covalent bond CORRECT ANS: Occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to create the valence shells of both Hydrogen bond CORRECT ANS: Forms a relatively weak bond that is easily broken Anions CORRECT ANS: Negatively charged ions Cations CORRECT ANS: Positively charged ions What organic compounds make up biomacromolecules CORRECT ANS: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids What are carbohydrates CORRECT ANS: commonly referred to as sugars; primary source of fuel for organisms and have the same three elements in their main structure (C, H, O) Why are lipids unique among biomacromolecules CORRECT ANS: Most are insoluble in water. They are not monomers, but are assembled from smaller molecules that are chemically linked together. Why are lipids insoluble in water CORRECT ANS: They are made of mostly non-polar hydrocarbon chains. Water can only dissolve other polar or ionically bonded substances. Describe the structure of a phospholipid CORRECT ANS: They contain two main components: a polar head joined to a non-polar tail. The head group is attracted to polar substances and is hydrophilic. The tail group repels water and is hydrophobic. 7 functions of proteins CORRECT ANS: act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, store amino acids, act as hormones, form antibodies for immunological defense, act as carriers for transport and also from membrane channels, form cell surface receptors to receive chemical messages, and act as structural molecules for support and movement How does the shape of a protein relate to its function CORRECT ANS: they can be assembled into a variety of shapes so they can serve a variety of functions. Some make necessary protective tissues like skin and fingernails. Others are used to make necessary substances, like hemoglobin which carries oxygen in red blood cells Two major types of nucleic acids CORRECT ANS: DNA and RNA What is the role of DNA CORRECT ANS: contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms What is the role of RNA CORRECT ANS: responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins Describe the structure of DNA and RNA CORRECT ANS: both exist as a chain of nucleotides where the sugar of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate of the next, while the nitrogenous base protrudes from each sugar in the string. The former forms a double chain held together by hydrogen bonds while the latter is a single chain of nucleotides Prokaryotic Cells CORRECT ANS: simple cells with three defining characteristics: size, non-enclosed genetic material, and lack of organelles and other internal membrane-bound structures Eukaryotic cells CORRECT ANS: More complex and composes most organisms. Much larger, posess a nuclear membrane, and contain membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes CORRECT ANS: Complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins Nucleus CORRECT ANS: Control center of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum CORRECT ANS: Modifies and transports proteins Golgi apparatus CORRECT ANS: Distribution center of the cell Lysosomes CORRECT ANS: Waste-disposal system of the cell Mitochondria CORRECT ANS: Site of cellular respiration 3 types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton CORRECT ANS: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments Tight Junctions CORRECT ANS: Wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking Desmosomes CORRECT ANS: Lock together along longitudinal edge of ell, allowing many cells to link together and form sheets Gap junctions CORRECT ANS: Tiny pores that allow for passage of sugars, ions, and amino acids to flow from cell to cell Purpose of the cell membrane CORRECT ANS: Outermost constituent of the cell. Responsible for enclosing cell's cytoplasm and organelles and separates cell from outside environment. Passive transport CORRECT ANS: Occurs when substances move through the membrane without the input of energy. Examples include simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion Active Transport CORRECT ANS: Occurs when an input of energy is required to move substances through the membrane. Includes the sodium-potassium pump Why is the electrochemical gradient important for cellular funtion CORRECT ANS: The electrical potential of ions across the cell membrane is an important element for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, mitochondrial metabolism, and hormone secretion