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Samenvatting - Overzicht van de psychologie H1,3,4,5,6 en 7 (1e deeltentamen)

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Dit is een samenvatting van de hoofdstukken 1,3,4,5,6 en 7 van het boek Psychological Science (de 7e editie). De hoofstukken zijn ingedeeld in de leerdoelen per hoofdstuk. De begrippen zijn kort en bondig uitgelegd. Moeilijke begrippen staat een voorbeeld/afbeelding bij. De samenvatting is deels in het Engels en deels in het Nederlands geschreven.

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H1: The Science of Psychology


What Is Psychological Science?

Psychology involves the study of thoughts, feelings, and behavior (understanding/predicting)
- Psychological science is the study (through research) of mind, brain, and behavior.
➔ Mind= mental activity (memories, thoughts, perceptual experiences (touch,
smell))
➔ Mental activity results from biochemical processes within the brain.
➔ Behavior describes the totality of observable human (or animal) actions.
- Psychological science uses data to find answers, not just common sense or gut feelings.


>Critical thinking:<

amiable skepticism: This trait combines openness and wariness > carefully weighing the facts
when deciding what to believe.
- open to new ideas
- wary of new “scientific findings" when good evidence and sound reasoning do not seem
to support them.

critical thinking= systematically questioning and evaluating information using well-supported
evidence, amiable skepticism is an example of this.

Being a critical thinker involves:
- looking for holes in evidence
- using logic/reasoning to see whether the information makes sense
- considering alternative explanations
- welke informatie veel aandacht heeft gehad en al bevoordeeld is
- gezonde vraagstelling
- altijd een open geest hebben.
Even when you think you already know something!!
Resultaten van psychologisch onderzoeken zijn vaak verrassend en gaan vaak in
tegengestelde richting van wat men denkt

,Often, we see what we expect to see and fail to notice things that do not fit with our
expectations. Our stereotypes about people shape our expectations about them, and we
interpret their behavior in ways that confirm these stereotypes.
False beliefs can sometimes lead to dangerous actions > corona > geen vaccin etc.
Hoe?
- Ignoring evidence (confirmation bias).
People are inclined to overweigh evidence that supports their beliefs and tend to
downplay evidence that does not match what they believe.
Similarly, people show selective memory, tending to better remember information that
supports their existing beliefs.
- Seeing causal relationships that do not exist (ijsverkoop & meer verdrinken..)
- hindsight bias/Accepting after-the-fact explanations
Good at explaining why things happened in the past, but not at predicting future events.
> false sense of certainty about our ability to make predictions about future behavior.
- Taking mental shortcuts/heuristics
often produce reasonably good decisions without too much effort
➔ availability heuristic: things that come most easily to mind guide our thinking.
Plane crash vaker in nieuws dan auto-ongeluk> mensen denken dat vliegen
gevaarlijker is/sneller bang voor vliegen

Mensen zijn niet goed in het accuraat evalueren van hun eigen vaardigheden
- Dunning-Kruger effect= wanneer iemand niet goed is in iets/weinig expertise heeft, kan
hij/zij zichzelf niet goed inschatten/evalueren

, What Is the Scientific Scope of Psychology?

Beschrijf de ontwikkeling van psychologie sinds het formeel is in 1879:

- Psychologie is ontstaan uit filosofie
- 19e eeuw (1879, Wundt structuralisme) is psychologie ontwikkeld tot een discipline,
deze spreidde zich over de wereld. Psychologen begonnen wetenschappelijk onderzoek
te gebruiken.
➔ In A System of Logic (1843), verklaarde de filosoof John Stuart Mill verklaarde
dat de psychologie van filosofie naar onderzoek/experiment moet
➔ William James
- de mind is veel complexer dan zijn delen. Psychologists should focus on
the operations of the mind, because the mind is too complex to
understand as a sum of separate part
- De mind bestaat uit een steeds veranderende, continue reeks
gedachten> stream of consciousness.
- Functionalisme

1. Egyptenaren wogen hart, gooiden brein zo weg.
2. Da Vinci +/- 1500 onderzoek naar brein > een van eerste link brein met psychologie
3. 1600 Descartes > dualisme =mind and the body are separate

Omschrijf nature/nurture en het mind/body probleem:

Het nature/nurture-debat gaat over de oorsprong van mentale activiteit/gedrag. Is een emotie
veroorzaakt door genen of cultuur/opvoeding?
Het is belangrijk om naar beiden te kijken, ze vullen elkaar meestal aan.

Mind/body= bijvoorbeeld het dualisme
Zijn geest en lichaam gescheiden en verschillend? Of is de geest de subjectieve ervaring van
het fysieke brein?
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