Summary Biology Module 2 — Organisation

basic building
THE




-y
block of life wasy
PALOEM-> transports sug
ars
+EARL T


joram
↳ ~
L
cuticle -
and ious
-




W I :

⑧ cell - upper ↳ Translocation



SM-
--
-




pulmarters
onary
Iro
iname
↳ in both directions




S]
is
epider
L




robodie
-




=ligh

·
e


Li-onoem -I
heis


↓
--- - veins
D
palisade xylem


8
L

... ⑧ e
↑

-onloemcent
<
(mesophyUl
-



pulmone
·




sugars
⑧ (sucrose)
water
8 - xylem vessel atrium I
03
alls
033
I


moveable

·
·
⑧



⑧ -
D
mineral
·
DD ⑧
0
· ions
⑧

·D ⑧C ⑧
⑧
r
- spongy KYLEM ->
transports water-minerals
↳ TISSUE (mesophyul -




⑧ celle ↳ unidirectional (water moves Up the plant)
-
LUNGS




area↳Ber canad
-group of cells w/
shared function
>
00
⑧⑧
Lower epidermis
↳ Transpiration ->
movementof water." aeate e M -

~
oxygena
↑ * leaves through stomata .




StomaltaI guard
waxycuticle
↓ cells FACTORS affectingthe RATE TRANSPIRATION :




1) increase intemp . > increases rate




⑪
waxy cuticle prevents water loss More thermal energy transferred to water allowing it to evaporate quicker
:



↳


upper epidermis transparent
to allow
light to pass 2) increased light intensity increases rate
:




↳ Causes stomata to open
palisade cells main site of photosynthesis
:




3) faster air movement -> increases rate
↳ ORGAN air spaces allow gases to diffuse
spongy cells :

↳ Will blow away water vapour + distributes humidity in the air
allowing more to diffuse out
-group of tissues
t
guard cells sensitive to light-water open/close
:




increase in humidity -> decreases rate
;
4)
stomata
w/ shared function ↳ As the air will contain more water vapour, the concentration gradient
ribosomes synthesis protein ADAONSOROOTHAIRCELLS for diffusion is lower, making water unlikely transpire
-




energy


⑱
& -transport
releases 2 CIRC



⑰
Soractive lotsy stores water + minerals




5
vacuole
I
--- :

S *.
mitochondria
: M #
- + keeps cell turgid
S
·
.




↳
nucleus
- -
-
X
L




w
-




&
long finger-like projection
croot hair)




is
/
↳ increases S/A to absorb




w
water minerals from soil


acis
fatty
teeth (chec




a ⑲
+
mouth breakdown
Al ↳ mechanical

~
SCH
-M


-S -M
THEI a ↳ increases/A of bolus
secrete saliva
starch)
e
+
↳ ORGAN SYSTEM EW ↳ amylase (digest




If
D ~
↳
S
group of cegans working
-




oesophagus
together to carry out a
D
as
->
↳ peristalsis
bodily function
AC (p# 1/2)
carb
adach
Secretion ( STARCH
proteins digested
+
+



glucose
↓
↳ kill bacteria
by pepsina food
(proteasel ,
muscular tissue-churns
/mechanical

, ⑱
Food Tests
BIO M2 - RPA.4
AM
:



Use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
METHODS :




① Benedict's test for simple sugars :




• Add 2cm- of liquid food sample to a test tube
•8
•
•·
i Add 1cm of Benedict’s reagent to the test tube
Place the tube in an 80 C water bath
·




Check for positive result = blue brick-red (simple sugars present).
-




② lodine test for starch :



• Add few drops of iodine to either a dry or liquid food sample
⑱
• Check for positive result = orange-blue/black (starch present)
·
③ Biurettest for proteins :



• Add a few drops of Biuret reagent to liquid food sample
⑧
• Check for positive result = blue lilac (protein present)
->




④
⑧
Emulsion test for Lipids :




• To a liquid food sample, add a few drops of water then a few drops of ethanol
•⑧ " Secure test tube with a bung and shake the tube.
•P 3) Check for positive result = cloudy layer (lipids present)

HAZARDS/RISKS :




Iodine can stain surfaces

i Biuret reagent is an irritant
Ethanol is highly flammable
water bath will be hot