Test Bank For Introduction to Psychology 10th Edition by Plotnik

Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A 3 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. What progressive neurological disorder is characterized by memory loss, personality deterioration, and emotional outbursts? a. Parkinson抯 disease c. Autism b. Multiple sclerosis d. Alzheimer抯 disease Charles is introduced in Module Three as having Alzheimer抯 disease. What can Charles and his family expect in the coming years? a. His condition will worsen. b. Charles? cognitive function will deteriorate, but his personality should not dramatically change. c. Charles will have good days and he will have bad days. d. The course of Alzheimer抯 is difficult to describe. Grandpa Frank is often confused and doesn抰 know where he is much of the time. You visit him, but he doesn抰 seem to recognize you. He has gotten much worse over the past few years. The doctor says that there is no cure and that a protein which is destroying brain cells is the suspected cause. Grandpa Frank has been diagnosed with: a. Alzheimer抯 disease c. Stroke b. Parkinson抯 disease d. Fragile X syndrome If you drew a graph to accurately represent the number of Alzheimer抯 patients projected in the future, the graph would: a. have a level line b. be difficult to draw since researchers are unsure of its future c. have a rising slope d. have a decreasing slope One factor causing Alzheimer抯 disease results from: a. normal aging b. previously damaged neurons c. drug abuse d. the multiplication of naturally occurring proteins and peptides Alzheimer抯 disease is diagnosed in a person by identifying: a. environmental factors that are related to it b. behavioral, neurological, physical, and psychological symptoms c. memory problems d. family members who have the disease One risk factor for developing Alzheimer抯 disease is: a. having Parkinson抯 disease c. brain injury in childhood b. having a stroke before the age of 40 d. inheriting one of ten different genes If you randomly select 100 individuals who suffer from Alzheimer抯 disease, how many of them would have experienced the onset of symptoms before the age of 65 years? a. about 90% b. about 75% c. about 50% d. about 10% 1 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 9. ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. What is the most reliable test to diagnose Alzheimer抯 disease? a. PET or MRI scan b. behavioral observation by trained specialist c. blood and spinal fluid tests d. administering a questionnaire to the patient ____ are chains of chemicals arranged like rungs on a twisting ladder. a. Genes c. Opsins b. Neurons d. Neurotransmitters What is the suspected cause of the excess formation of a glue-like substance in the brains of Alzheimer抯 patients? a. allergies c. faulty genetic instructions b. death of brain cells d. uncontrolled growth of glial cells To help the general public better understand the human brain, a famous neurologist is fond of correctly saying that there are ____ of glial cells in the human brain. a. 揾 undreds and hundreds? c. 揵 illions and billions? b. 搈 illions and millions? d. 搕rillions and trillions? Consider this: A tired, listless brain walks into a restaurant and looks on the menu for something that ____ 16. ____ 17. ____ 18. You抮e directing actors in a movie on the human brain. The actor portraying the role of glial cell is giving you a hard time. What can you say to the actor to improve his performance? a. 揧 ou are a glial cell. You need to be more supportive of the actors playing neurons, so think support!? b. 揇 o you remember your lines? Do you remember how glial cells help to connect the two hemispheres together to allow information back and forth? Pay more attention to the script!? c. 揂 cting? You call that acting? A glial cell transmits electrical messages!? d. 揕 ook, there are many other actors who could do your job. Keep in mind that you, as a glial cell, cross the synapse. Listen for your cue!? A new discovery has found that, in addition to neurons, glial cells might also: a. be involved in Alzheimer抯 disease b. provide support to blood vessels to guide their growth in the central nervous system c. transmit electrical messages d. release a chemical to influence the growth of dendrites Which brain cells are responsible for providing insulation around the neuron? could provide fuel for it. What 揺 ntree? a. Hormone deluxe b. Glucose platter The two groups of cells in your brain are: a. glial cells and astrocytes b. neurons and axons does the brain order? c. Calorie soup d. Neurotransmitter buffet c. genes and peripheral cells d. neurons and glial cells a. GABA cells b. curare cells Glial cells are to ____ as neurons are to ____. a. support; transmit b. transmit; insulate c. axon cells d. glial cells c. support; insulate d. Alzheimer抯 disease; ADHD 2 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 19. ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. ____ 26. ____ 27. ____ 28. The functions of neurons include: a. transmitting and receiving electrical messages b. providing support for glial cells c. insulating axons d. opening sodium gates in glial cells Which cells specialize in receiving electrical signals and transmitting electrical signals? a. glial cells c. dendrites b. neurons d. astrocytes What do the two main extensions of a neuron do? a. receive and transmit electrical signals b. wrap around glial cells c. support mature glial cells d. provide the mechanisms by which glial cells repair themselves Electrical messages can be transmitted in the neuron up to: a. 2.68 miles per hour c. 2,680 miles per hour b. 268 miles per hour d. 26,800 miles per hour Each autumn, the male canary must relearn the 揵 reeding? song. This process of relearning the song results in: a. the formation of new neurons in the canary抯 brain b. a decrease in the size of the canary抯 brain c. the loss of other brain functions d. the canary being able to learn the 揵 reeding? songs of other birds Research shows that as a mature male canary relearns a breeding song, there is at least a ____ in the areas of the brain that control singing. a. 5% increase c. 50% increase b. 25% increase d. 50% decrease Which of the following areas is most likely to be able to grow new neurons in the adult brain? a. Broca抯 area c. hypothalamus b. hippocampus d. medulla According to Module Three, in what way can the human brain repair itself? a. A damaged neuron can grow several new axons. b. The action potential can seek out new undamaged neurons. c. A damaged neuron can grow new dendrites. d. The brain can grow, replace, rewire, or repair damaged neurons. Sarah is a medical student. She is examining the brain of a patient who had Alzheimer抯. What would she notice about the brain as she examines it? a. The brain is larger since it grows many tumors. b. The size of the brain is normal. c. The 揷 reases? in the brain have gotten shallower. d. The brain is smaller because it has shrunk due to cell loss. What causes the destruction of neurons in the brain of Alzheimer抯 patients? a. the buildup of excessive myelin sheath b. the buildup of a gluelike substance c. an excess of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine d. an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine 3 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 29. ____ 30. ____ 31. ____ 32. ____ 33. ____ 34. ____ 35. ____ 36. ____ 37. ____ 38. ____ 39. The ____ keeps the neuron in working order and has specialized extensions that arise from it. a. axon c. cell body b. myelin sheath d. synapse Consider this scenario: The neuron is dying. All of the structures except the cell body are healthy and undamaged. Why might damage to the cell body be the reason for the neuron抯 impending death? a. the cell body is responsible for insulating the neuron b. the nucleus may be damaged c. the cell body receives nourishment from the glial cells d. the cell body maintains the entire neuron in working order If the axon is the 搊 utput? a. end bulb b. dendrite structure of the neuron, the input structure is the: c. myelin d. lobe If a neuron lacked dendrites, theoretically it could ____, but not ____. a. send messages; receive messages b. process messages; send messages c. grow new extensions; have myelin sheaths d. open sodium channels; produce negative-charged ions As we mature, one structure of the neuron is responsible for much of the gains in brain size. What structure is it? a. cell body b. dendrite Dendrite is to ____ as axon is to ____. a. PNS; receive b. CNS; transmit Which part of a neuron carries signals away from a. axon c. end bulb b. cell body d. dendrites Alyssa is writing a paper on the function of the myelin sheath. Which of the following is the best title for her paper? a. 揗 yelin Sheath: Storing Neurotransmitters? b. 揗 yelin Sheath: Receiving Signals? c. 揗 yelin Sheath: Insulating the Axon? d. 揗 yelin Sheath: Releasing Neurotransmitters into the Synapse? The color of gray is to ____ as the color of white is to ____. a. myelin sheath; cell bodies c. synapse; end bulbs b. cell bodies; myelin sheath d. dendrites; cell bodies If the dendrite is the 搃nput? a. soma b. axon structure of the neuron, the output structure is the: c. myelin d. lobe 4 c. axon d. synapse c. fast; slow d. receive; transmit the cell body? 揟 his is a bad television set. We抮e getting lots of interference from other electrical appliances in our apartment.? You remember the structures of the neuron and say, 揥 ish we had a television set covered with a(n) ...? a. myelin sheath b. axon c. dendrite d. neurotransmitter Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 40. ____ 41. ____ 42. Tiny sacs or vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters are located in the: a. end bulbs c. dendrites b. axon d. synapse If neurotransmitters could talk, what would they say about where they are stored? a. 揃 ranch-like extensions from the cell body give us a storage place.? b. 揌 ome sweet home is right next to the nucleus.? c. 揥 e are all stored in tiny containers located in the end bulb.? d. 揟 his synapse is just too small梬 e抮e packed in here very tightly.? A synapse is the: ____ 45. ____ 46. ____ 47. ____ 48. Sylvester severed a toe in an accident with his lawn mower. If the toe is not too damaged, what is the chance that the toe can be reattached to his foot? a. Poor梟 erves in the peripheral nervous system cannot regenerate b. Poor梟 erves in the central nervous system cannot regenerate c. Good梟 erves in the peripheral nervous system have the capacity to regenerate d. Good梟 erves in the autonomic system have the capacity to regenerate As you抮e waiting to visit a friend in the hospital, you overhear a physician talking to a patient抯 parents. You don抰 hear the entire conversation, but only bits and pieces. There is something about an accident and a question regarding nerves reattaching. The physician replied that the nerves do have the ability to regrow. From your education in psychology, you guess that the nerves were probably part of the: a. spinal cord c. peripheral nervous system b. central nervous system d. limbic system According to your textbook, new research on the regeneration of neurons includes: a. mild electrical currents passed through the damaged neurons b. drugs that suppress the immune system c. megadoses of Vitamin A d. the use of fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells into damaged areas of the central nervous system. The fact that John Thompson can use his arms but Montel Williams is unlikely to be cured of MS illustrates the difference between: a. nerves vs. muscles b. the peripheral nervous system vs. the central nervous system c. receiving medical attention immediately vs. not for several hours d. neurons vs. fetal tissue a. b. c. d. part of the dendrite that receives incoming signals small space between the end bulb and its neighboring organ, muscle, or cell body chemical that transmits signals from one neuron to another signal that travels from one neuron to another ____ 43. End a. cell body c. myelin sheath b. synapse d. axon bulbs release neurotransmitters into the: ____ 44. The a. peripheral nervous system c. primary nervous system b. central nervous system d. secondary nervous system nerves that make up the body, except the brain and spinal cord, comprise the: 5 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 49. ____ 50. ____ 51. ____ 52. ____ 53. ____ 54. ____ 55. ____ 56. ____ 57. ____ 58. Why does MS disrupt the messages between the body and brain? a. MS attacks the cell bodies of neurons. b. MS causes the death of neurons that use dopamine. c. MS causes an overabundance of dopamine which damages dendrites. d. MS attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the brain cells in the CNS. There is new research that involves replacing damaged neurons with: a. transplanted fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells b. tiny computers that can process information very quickly c. computerized sodium pumps d. transplanted tubes from monkeys The membrane of the axon has the unique ability to: a. ionize itself c. open and close its chemical gates b. change its size d. negatively charge the dendrites Opposite-charged ions ____ and like-charged ions ____. a. attract; repel c. have sodium; have protein b. are permeable; are semipermeable d. are positive; are negative When a neuron is in a resting state, the majority of the particles in the fluid surrounding the neuron are: a. positive sodium ions b. sodium ions that have yet to pick up a charge c. chloride ions d. chemically inert A psychology instructor is lecturing on the processes and mechanisms of messages in the nervous system. She has come to the part on the action potential. Which example should she use to illustrate the idea of a nerve impulse? a. how a washer cleans clothes b. 揟 he Wave? at a sports stadium where sections of fans stand up and then sit down c. a bright flash of light d. a merry-go-round What accounts for the action potential moving down the axon at a constant speed? a. all-or-none law c. snowball effect b. paced-resistance principle d. neuronal push rule During a class meeting, a student asks the psychology professor to define a nerve impulse. Before the professor can open his mouth to answer, you remember the definition, which is: a. a surge of electrical activity simultaneously occurring down the entire axon b. the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse c. a tiny electrical current d. a series of individual action potentials that occur segment by segment down the axon If the stimulation is strong enough, the neuron抯 chemical gates ____ and ____ will come into the neuron. a. open; negative sodium ions c. close; positive sodium ions b. open; positive sodium ions d. close; vesicles If the positive sodium ions rush inside the axon, the axon will: a. enter the resting state b. release a neurotransmitter c. change its threshold d. experience an action potential 6 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 59. ____ 60. ____ 61. ____ 62. ____ 63. ____ 64. ____ 65. ____ 66. ____ 67. ____ 68. ____ 69. ____ 70. During an action potential, the inside of the axon becomes ____ and the outside becomes ____. a. negative; positive c. positive; positive b. positive; negative d. negative; neutral A tiny electrical current generated in the axon is called a(n) a. electropotential c. action potential b. ion wave d. resting potential What structure in the neuron helps to speed up the transmission of the action potential? a. axon c. myelin sheath b. dendrites d. end bulb While speeding down an axon, the impulse reaches an incredible speed by jumping at the breaks in the: a. end bulb c. myelin sheath b. dendrite d. synapse ____ is/are (a) chemical messenger(s) that transmit(s) information between nerves and body organs. a. Transmitters b. Ion What substance is found in the end bulbs? a. neurotransmitters b. sodium ions Neurotransmitters are found in the: a. myelin sheath b. sodium ions c. THC d. L-dopa c. inhibitory sodium d. L-dopa c. inhibitory sodium d. end bulbs If the release of neurotransmitters was being broadcast over CNN, the reporter would say: a. 揟 he action potential is triggering an explosion, releasing the neurotransmitters into the synapse.? b. 揟 he neurotransmitters have entered the axon through sodium channels.? c. 揟 he resting potential is causing the cell body to release neurotransmitters.? d. 揑 have never seen so many neurotransmitters being released into the myelin sheath!? In the neuron, the electrical charge jumps the synapse. Right? a. Yes, it is like how a spark plug works. b. Yes, but only in the central nervous system. c. Yes and no, both an electrical charge and neurotransmitters cross the synapse. d. No, neurotransmitters cross the synapse. After the release of neurotransmitters in the synapse, neurotransmitters cross the synapse and: a. b. c. d. If a. b. If a. b. fit into specially designed axons cause the second neuron to open its chemical locks cause the process known as reuptake fit into specially designed receptors located on the second neuron抯 dendrites a neurotransmitter key opens the receptor抯 lock, then the neurotransmitter is said to be: at the threshold c. positively charged excitatory d. at an action potential a neurotransmitter key closes the receptor抯 lock, then the neurotransmitter is said to be: at the threshold inhibitory c. positively charged d. at an action potential 7 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 71. ____ 72. ____ 73. ____ 74. ____ 75. ____ 76. ____ 77. ____ 78. ____ 79. ____ 80. An evil dictator is plotting to overthrow the world抯 governments by making the nervous systems of world leaders 搒 low down? and mellow out. Assuming it is possible, what drug should be put into their water supply? a. Drug A梚ncreases the release of excitatory transmitters b. Drug B梡 revents reuptake c. Drug C梒 ompletely inhibits the release of transmitters d. Drug D梚ncreases the release of inhibitory transmitters Eriq, a three-year old boy, has just spilled apple juice on his mother抯 new laptop computer, and she is very upset! If you could go inside his mother抯 nervous system at this point, you would find an abundance of: a. anandamide c. inhibitory transmitters b. serotonin d. excitatory transmitters Could neurotransmitter A fit into the receptors for neuron B? a. yes梐 ll neurotransmitters fit into all receptors b. maybe梚f both neurotransmitters are excitatory c. no梕 ach neurotransmitter has its own unique receptor d. maybe梚f both neurotransmitters are inhibitory Of the following, the only example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is a. acetylcholine c. glutamate b. dopamine d. serotonin Mauricio has an illness that causes a depletion of a neurotransmitter that controls learning and memory. Which of the following is most likely affected by his malady? a. GABA c. glutamate b. serotonin d. endorphins What do the neurotransmitters glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine all have in common? a. they are all excitatory neurotransmitters b. they are all inhibitory neurotransmitters c. they all induce hallucinations and delusions when they are present in excessive amounts in the brain d. they all work on lower parts of the brain (the brainstem) Alcohol is classified as a(n): a. stimulant b. depressant Alcohol molecules closely resemble: a. GABA b. dopamine c. serotonin d. anandamide c. THC d. anandamide Jack has had a few beers and he is feeling pretty good and is more sociable. If we could look inside his brain, we would find that alcohol has: a. increased endorphin production b. decreased endorphin production Excited GABA neurons lead to: a. inhibitory effects b. excitatory effects c. inhibited GABA neurons d. excited GABA neurons c. increased self-control d. increased neural activity 8 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 81. ____ 82. ____ 83. ____ 84. ____ 85. ____ 86. ____ 87. ____ 88. ____ 89. ____ 90. ____ 91. Rose drinks too much and claims that alcohol is a stimulant. Is she right? a. yes梐 lcohol is a stimulant and it excites GABA neurons b. yes梐 lcohol is a stimulant and it inhibits GABA neurons c. no梐 lcohol is a depressant and it excites GABA neurons d. no梐 lcohol is a depressant and it inhibits GABA neurons The effect of exciting GABA neurons is: a. decreased neural activity b. damaged neurons c. increased neural activity d. blocking the transmission of electrical messages Endorphins are secreted when we are: a. falling asleep c. depressed b. under great stress d. studying As a preview to the next lecture, Dr. Cooper said that your brain has its own drug factory. What did your professor mean by that remark? a. like a regular factory, a certain percentage of the manufactured product is defective b. dopamine is a powerful pain killer c. your brain produces its own pain killer called endorphin d. illegal drugs can affect the brain A child puts her hand on a hot stove. She quickly removes it. This is an example of a(n) ____, and it involves ____. a. learned response; reflexes c. reflex; involuntary reaction b. activating stimulus; voluntary reaction d. excitatory signal; efferent neurons Neurons that carry information from the senses to the spinal cord are called ____ neurons. a. spinal c. afferent b. motor d. efferent If all the efferent neurons were removed from your nervous system, you would be unable to: a. process language c. solve complex problems b. move your body d. control your emotions Efferent neurons carry information away from the: a. axon b. muscles Afferent is to efferent as ____ is to ____. a. sensory; motor b. motor; sensory c. synapse d. spinal cord c. sensory; spinal d. spinal; neuron A patient suffers damage to the nervous system. He can move his hands, but he does not feel anything with them. Which explanation is the neurologist most likely to offer? a. efferent neurons are damaged c. afferent neurons have been damaged b. the reflex arc is damaged d. Alzheimer抯 disease Which of the following is most closely related to phantom limb? a. reattached limb b. amputated limb c. Alzheimer抯 disease d. mescaline use 9 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 92. ____ 93. ____ 94. ____ 95. ____ 96. ____ 97. ____ 98. ____ 99. ____ 100. ____ 101. An individual who has had a limb amputated, but continues to experience sensation and feelings that appear to be from that limb, experiences: a. ghost pain c. phantom limb b. nonregenerated pain perception d. limb plasticity According to Sgt. Bagge, who is described in Module Three, the toughest part of adjusting to a double amputation is: a. phantom limb c. loss of smooth movements b. limb plasticity d. tremors and shakes The most common report after removal of a limb is: a. severe pain c. sensations of numbness b. sensations of pins and needles d. a burning sensation Which is not an accepted explanation for phantom limb? a. brain pieces together sensations to form an image b. brain 搑 emembers? the body part c. sensations from the spinal cord d. sensations from the brain It appears that the source of the pain experienced in phantom limb is the: a. brain b. amputated stump c. spinal cord d. damaged nerves of the remaining part of the limb In explaining phantom limb, Melzack argued that: a. the pain originates in the stump b. an image of the amputated limb exists in the spinal cord c. there is a body image in the brain that can generate sensations as coming from any body part d. the pain originates in the spinal cord You are reading a newspaper article on phantom limb. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the article? a. 揚 hantom Limb: An Excuse for Sympathy? b. 揅 ut Nerves in Limb Cause Pain in Phantom Limb? c. 揇 amaged Neurons in Spinal Cord Cause Damage? d. 揝 ensations Come from Brain抯 Image of Limb? Why is phantom limb pain most severe at first and then later lessens? a. The brain corrects its image of the body to accommodate for the lost limb. b. It takes some time for the correct dose of painkiller to be identified. c. The brain simply habituates to the pain. d. Usually psychotherapy takes some time to have an effect on the pain. Using mirrors to treat phantom limb helps the patient to: a. release endorphins c. recreate a complete body image b. release nitric oxide d. rewire the remaining nerves in the stump What new treatment for phantom limb supports the view that the brain holds an image of the body? a. mirror box c. behavior therapy b. biofeedback d. placebo 10 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 102. ____ 103. ____ 104. ____ 105. ____ 106. ____ 107. ____ 108. ____ 109. ____ 110. Reuptake is a process that: a. causes the neurotransmitter to continue its effects b. prevents neurotransmitters from entering the receptor c. removes the neurotransmitter from the synapse and is returned to the vesicles of the end bulb d. causes neural plasticity Reuptake is disrupted by: a. b. If a. b. c. d. cocaine curare c. mescaline d. ADHD reuptake is prevented: the neurotransmitter will be transported back to the end bulbs the neurotransmitter will remain in the synapse phantom limb occurs the neuron will die Cocaine causes its effects of physiological arousal and feelings of euphoria by: a. preventing reuptake from occurring b. blocking receptors, thereby preventing neurotransmitters from affecting the neuron c. having a similar chemical makeup to norepinephrine d. increasing the amount of dopamine released into the synapse You are reading an anthropologist抯 experiences with South American Indians. You are struck at the description of Indians chewing coca leaves because it reminds you of something you learned in psychology. What was it? a. Coca leaves contain THC. b. Coca leaves contain mescaline. c. Cocaine comes from coca leaves and blocks reuptake of dopamine. d. Curare comes from coca leaves and mimics the effects of acetylcholine. A monkey is shot with a blow dart by a South American Indian. The blow dart is covered with curare. The monkey抯 muscles are paralyzed. What does curare do to the nervous system of the monkey (and to humans)? a. prevents reuptake from occurring b. blocks receptors, thereby preventing acetylcholine from affecting the neuron c. mimics the effects of norepinephrine because of its similar chemical makeup d. increases the amount of dopamine released into the synapse Which neurotransmitter does curare block? a. anandamide c. dopamine b. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine You and some friends are watching a television show about an emergency room in a hospital. One of the scenes shows a doctor inserting a breathing tube down the throat of a patient. You suddenly remember that in real life ____ is used to induce muscle paralysis to allow the tube to be inserted. a. cocaine c. nitric oxide b. curare d. GABA The filtering system that prevents most substances from reaching the brain is called the: a. glial-brain barrier c. blood-brain barrier b. blood sheathing system d. mescaline-brain filter 11 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 111. ____ 112. ____ 113. ____ 114. ____ 115. ____ 116. ____ 117. ____ 118. ____ 119. ____ 120. A purified form of ____ is used to induce muscle paralysis in humans to allow a breathing tube to be inserted down a patient抯 throat. a. curare c. dopamine b. cocaine d. mescaline Salvia is a drug that causes uncontrollable laughter and vivid hallucinations. Its effects are due to its chemical similarity to a. endorphins c. acetylcholine b. dopamine d. epinephrine The examples of cocaine, curare, and salvia presented in your text suggest that: a. illegal drugs are used legally by other cultures b. drugs and other substances affect behavior by affecting the processes of the neuron c. each culture has a drug problem d. all cultural groups have experienced drugs A disease that is caused by an insufficient supply of dopamine and characterized by difficulties with movement is called: a. Alzheimer抯 disease c. Sensory dementia b. Parkinson抯 disease d. a stroke To function properly, the basal ganglia need a sufficient supply of: a. mescaline c. dopamine b. anandamide d. acetylcholine Your elderly neighbor has rigidity and tremors in his arms. It did not surprise you that he was recently diagnosed with: a. Alzheimer抯 disease c. Presenile dementia b. Parkinson抯 disease d. food poisoning from eating a Puffer fish Connie has difficulty with behaviors that require voluntary movement. The cause of her problem involves a deficiency of dopamine in part of her brain. Connie suffers from: a. schizophrenia c. Huntington抯 disease b. Parkinson抯 disease d. Alzheimer抯 disease How does L-dopa control the symptoms of Parkinson抯 disease? a. it increases the levels of dopamine in the brain b. it cures the symptoms c. it relaxes the muscles d. it reduces the number of 搊 n-periods? The problem in using L-dopa to treat Parkinson抯 disease is that: a. it can lead to symptoms that resemble Alzheimer抯 disease b. with ever-increasing dosages, it causes involuntary jerky movements c. it increases the risk for stroke d. it leads to reuptake A patient with Parkinson抯 disease was recently prescribed L-dopa. In how long is it likely that he will start showing unwanted jerky movement? a. 6 months c. 5 to 10 years b. 2 to 3 years d. 15 years 12 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 121. ____ 122. ____ 123. ____ 124. ____ 125. ____ 126. ____ 127. ____ 128. ____ 129. In a. b. c. d. A a. b. c. d. In a. b. treating Parkinson抯 disease, fetal brain tissue: can take the place of myelin can produce acetylcholine can make new connections in the patient抯 brain has little effect potential treatment for Parkinson抯 patients involves: embryonic stem cell transplants nerve regeneration drugs that repair damaged neurons preventing electrical signals from reaching the spinal cord treating Parkinson抯 disease, stem cells are believed to: create L-dopa c. develop into dopamine block dopamine receptors d. develop into neurons Which of the following has been seen as an option to the use of embryonic stem cells that eliminates the ethical issues related to the use of stem cells? a. Using fetal tissues c. Human chorionic gonadotropin transplants b. In-vitro fertilization d. Induced pluripotent stem cells In treating Parkinson抯 disease, the area of the brain that fetal brain tissue or stem cells is transplanted into is the: a. basal ganglia c. cerebellum b. hippocampus d. occipital lobe The procedure that is used to transplant fetal or stem cells into a precise location in either animal or human brains is called the ____ procedure. a. ganglia b. Parkinson抯 c. stereotaxic d. Lindvall Stereotaxic procedures: a. cause a great deal of brain damage b. are used for brain tissue transplants c. have been shown to be ineffective in treating Parkinson抯 disease d. have only been performed on animals Steven has undergone a thalamotomy. His spouse believes that this will cure him of Parkinson抯 disease. Is his spouse correct? a. No, the procedure will only stop severe tremors. b. No, the procedure will only slightly improve his memory and concentration. c. Yes, if Steven continues to take his medication. d. Yes. Thalamotomy cures Parkinson抯 disease. John was recently diagnosed with a mild case of Parkinson抯 disease. He tells his doctor that he wants a thalamotomy. Is this a reasonable request? a. No. Removing the thalamus will cause his symptoms to worsen. b. No. Recent research shows that the thalamus is not involved in the symptoms of Parkinson抯 disease. c. No. The procedure is used only in severe cases and is appropriate only after other treatments have been used. d. Yes. A thalamotomy is a common treatment for mild Parkinson抯 disease. 13 Name: ________________________ ID: A In treating Parkinson抯 disease with deep brain stimulation, the patient: a. undergoes painful shock treatment while under general anesthesia b. often develops uncontrollable seizures c. develops unwanted jerky movement d. controls the amount of stimulation In what brain area are electrodes placed during deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson抯 disease? a. thalamus c. hippocampus b. hypothalamus d. cerebellum What is the promise of deep brain stimulation in treating Parkinson抯 disease? a. complete cure c. improving memory for about 1 year b. controlling tremors for about 5 years d. reducing phantom limb pain You are watching a video of a young man skateboarding and he suddenly trips and lands hard on the ground. You cringe at the sight of him hitting the pavement. Your ________ allowed you to experience empathy with his experience. a. thalamus c. mirror neurons b. glial cells d. GABA neurons What part of the brain might help us to understand other people抯 intentions and goals? a. mirror neurons c. basal ganglia b. GABA neurons d. stem cells You are writing a title for an article in a magazine on mirror neurons. What would be the most appropriate title? a. Mirror Neurons: A Possible Cure for Parkinson抯 Disease b. Mirror Neurons: Walking in Somebody抯 Shoes c. The Role of Mirror Neurons in Phantom Limb d. Removing Mirror Neurons in Thalamotomy True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 130. ____ 131. ____ 132. ____ 133. ____ 134. ____ 135. ____ 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. The risk of developing Alzheimer抯 is not affected when a parent or sibling has the disorder. Glial cells are the most numerous brain cells. The hippocampus and olfactory bulb may be able to grow new neurons. The input portion of the neuron is the dendrites. The brain is not able to grow new neurons. The space between neurons is called the synapse. In Alzheimer抯 disease, gluelike substances in the brain help to fight the disease. As the action potential is traveling down the axon, it can increase or decrease in speed. The nerve impulse is called an action potential. 14 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. ____ 18. ____ 19. ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. The action potential occurs when negative sodium ions rush inside the axon. The action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the dendrites. Inhibitory neurotransmitters close the chemical locks in the neurons that come after the synapse. The relationship between a neurotransmitter and receptor is like a key and lock. Long-term use of L-dopa to treat Parkinson抯 disease can cause involuntary movement. When GABA neurons are excited, there is an increase in neural activity. One explanation of phantom limb pain is that the brain搑emembers? the missing body part. Cocaine blocks the release of neurotransmitters from the end bulbs. Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse and absorbed back to the end bulbs. Curare mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Salvia causes uncontrolled laughter. Parkinson抯 disease involves the neurotransmitter dopamine. Stem cells can change into and become different types of cells. The area of the brain affected by Parkinson抯 disease is the hypothalamus. Stem cell transplantation cures Parkinson抯 disease. Removing the thalamus is only done in severe cases of Parkinson抯 disease. Short Answer 1. Why should psychologists study the brain? 2. Briefly explain the function of the cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and end bulbs. Make sure to specify where the structures are located. 3. Describe how information travels from one end of the neuron to the other end. Make sure you include in your answer the terms ions, all-or-none law, resting state, and action potential. 4. Choose any 5 neurotransmitters discussed in this module and describe their basic functions. 5. Describe how alcohol affects GABA neurons. 6. What roles do afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons play in a reflex? 15 Name: ________________________ ID: A 7. Describe the mechanism by which cocaine affects neurotransmitters. 8. What are the important characteristics of Parkinson抯 disease and what causes it? 9. Describe the use of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson抯 disease. 10. What are mirror neurons? How do they help us understand other people抯 goals and intentions? 16 3 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Applied 1 DIF: TYPE: Applied 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: TYPE: Factual 1 DIF: Easy Difficult Easy Easy Difficult Easy Moderate Moderate Difficult Easy TYPE: Factual Difficult TYPE: Factual Moderate TYPE: Applied Difficult REF: TYPE: Applied Moderate REF: TYPE: Factual Difficult REF: TYPE: Applied Difficult REF: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: TYPE: Factual Moderate REF: TYPE: Conceptual Easy REF: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: TYPE: Factual Moderate REF: TYPE: Factual Moderate REF: TYPE: Factual D PTS: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 47 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 48 p. 49 2. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: A PTS: 3. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: A PTS: 4. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: C PTS: 5. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: D PTS: 6. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: B PTS: 7. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: D PTS: 8. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: D PTS: 9. ANS: OBJ: Introduction MSC: C PTS: 10. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: A PTS: 11. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: C PTS:1 DIF: 12. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: C PTS:1 DIF: 13. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: B PTS:1 DIF: 14. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: D PTS:1 DIF: 15. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: A PTS:1 DIF: 16. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: C PTS:1 DIF: 17. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: D PTS:1 DIF: 18. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: A PTS:1 DIF: 19. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: A PTS:1 DIF: 20. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: B PTS:1 DIF: 21. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: A PTS:1 DIF: 22. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain MSC: B PTS:1 DIF: 1 ID: A 23. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual p. 49 p. 49 p. 49 p. 49 p. 49 p. 49 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 50 p. 51 p. 51 p. 51 p. 51 A PTS:1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 24. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain C PTS:1 25. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain B PTS:1 26. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain D PTS:1 27. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain D PTS:1 B PTS:1 28. ANS: OBJ: Overview: Human Brain 29. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and C PTS:1 30. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function Function D PTS:1 31. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 32. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and A PTS:1 33. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 34. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and D PTS:1 35. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and A PTS:1 36. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and C PTS:1 37. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 38. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and A PTS:1 39. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 40. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and A PTS:1 41. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and C PTS:1 42. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 43. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Structure and B PTS:1 44. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves A PTS:1 45. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves C PTS:1 46. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves C PTS:1 47. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves D PTS:1 2 ID: A 48. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual p. 51 p. 51 p. 51 p. 52 p. 52 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 53 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 p. 54 B PTS:1 49. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves D PTS:1 DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 50. ANS: OBJ: Neurons versus Nerves REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: A PTS:1 51. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 52. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 53. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 54. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 55. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied A PTS:1 56. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 57. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 58. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 59. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 60. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 61. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 62. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 63. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 64. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 65. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 66. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication REF: A PTS:1 67. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 68. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 69. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 70. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 71. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 72. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 3 ID: A 73. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Difficult REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Easy REF: MSC: TYPE: Factual p. 54 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 55 p. 56 p. 56 p. 56 p. 56 p. 56 p. 56 C PTS:1 74. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 75. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 76. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 77. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 78. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 79. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication D PTS:1 80. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 81. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication C PTS:1 82. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication A PTS:1 83. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication B PTS:1 84. ANS: OBJ: Neurons: Communication 1 1 1 1 1 1 91. ANS: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 92. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 93. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 94. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 95. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 96. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb C PTS:1 85. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses C PTS: 86. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses C PTS: 87. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses B PTS: 88. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses D PTS: 89. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses A PTS: DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Conceptual DIF: Moderate REF: MSC: TYPE: Applied DIF: Easy REF: p. 58 90. ANS: OBJ: Reflex Responses C PTS: B PTS: 1 97. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Factual Difficult REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual Easy REF: p. 58 ID: A 98. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 99. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 100. ANS: C PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 101. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Research Focus: What is a Phantom Limb 102. ANS: C PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 103. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 104. ANS: B PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 105. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 106. ANS: C PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 107. ANS: B PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 108. ANS: D PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 109. ANS: B PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 110. ANS: C PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 111. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 112. ANS: A PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 113. ANS: B PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Cultural Diversity: Plants and Drugs 114. ANS: B PTS:1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 115. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 116. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 117. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 118. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 119. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 120. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 121. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments 122. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Application: Experimental Treatments Easy Moderate Easy Difficult Easy Easy Moderate Easy Moderate Difficult Difficult Moderate Easy Moderate Moderate Moderate Easy Moderate Moderate Moderate Easy Difficult Difficult Easy Easy REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Applied REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 58 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Applied REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Applied REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 59 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Applied REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Applied REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual 5 ID: A 123. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual Difficult REF: p. 60 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Applied Difficult REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Applied Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual Easy REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual Moderate REF: p. 61 MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 124. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 125. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 126. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 127. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 128. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 129. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 130. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 131. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Application: Experimental Treatments OBJ: 132. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: 133. ANS: OBJ: 134. ANS: OBJ: 135. ANS: OBJ: TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: F 2. ANS: T 3. ANS: T 4. ANS: T 5. ANS: F 6. ANS: T 7. ANS: F 8. ANS: F 9. ANS: T 10. ANS: F 11. ANS: F 12. ANS: T 13. ANS: T 14. ANS: T 15. ANS: F 16. ANS: T 17. ANS: F 18. ANS: T 19. ANS: F 20. ANS: T Application: Experimental Treatments Application: Experimental Treatments C PTS: 1 Critical Thinking A PTS: 1 Critical Thinking B PTS: 1 Critical Thinking REF: p. 62 REF: p. 62 REF: p. 62 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Easy MSC: TYPE: Factual DIF: Moderate MSC: TYPE: Applied 6 ID: A 21. ANS: T 22. ANS: T 23. ANS: F 24. ANS: F 25. ANS: T SHORT ANSWER 1. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 2. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 3. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 4. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 5. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 6. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 7. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 8. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 9. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 10. ANS: Answer not provided. PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 PTS: 1 7 ID: A Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A 6 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. The examples of a subliminal CD, selecting a puppy, and a mammogram underscore the importance of: a. being a smart consumer of products and services b. figure-ground in perception c. perception in everyday life d. the subliminal threshold As it relates to the topic of perception, what factor most influences a doctor抯 ability to detect a cancerous tumor on a mammogram? a. how large an object must be before we can detect it b. how we are influenced by our culture c. what shape an object must be before we can detect it d. how consistent the object is with the principle of continuity The accuracy of identifying cancer tumors increases when mammograms are: a. read using a magnifying glass b. in color c. read by two doctors and a new computer program d. in 3D The point above which a stimulus is perceived and below which it is not perceived is called a stimulus ____. a. perception c. just noticeable difference b. threshold d. sensation A quality inspector at the local manufacturing plant carefully examines a product for flaws using a special light. The flaws show up as dark green spots of light. For this inspector, the ____ is the point at which a flaw can be detected. a. threshold c. gestalt b. JND d. subliminal threshold Who initially discovered the idea of the absolute threshold? a. Fechner c. Gestalt b. Weber d. Pavlov Gustav Fechner defined an absolute threshold as: a. the intensity level that a person detects 50% of the time b. the amount of stimulus energy needed to develop a perception c. an increase or decrease in the intensity of stimuli d. the smallest amount of stimulus energy that can be observed or experienced Why did Gustav Fechner抯 definition of absolute threshold need to be modified? a. Alertness and the testing situation can influence an individual抯 thresholds. b. We now know that absolute threshold is influenced by the JND. c. Because the concept of absolute threshold was found to be invalid. d. Because his definition of the absolute threshold did not differ significantly from the difference threshold. 1 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 9. A stimulus that is detected at only an unconscious level is called a(n) ____ stimulus. a. absolute c. detectable b. just noticeable d. subliminal ____ 10. The level at which a stimulus is detected at least 50% of the time is called the: a. absolute threshold c. perceptional limit b. just noticeable threshold d. subliminal threshold ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. ____ 18. ____ 19. In order to answer the question, 揂 t what point are you aware of a stimulus?? one should measure the: a. subliminal stimulus c. absolute threshold b. proximity d. just noticeable difference As part of a psychology experiment, Linda sits in a small, completely darkened room and looks through an apparatus. At the sound of a tone, she is exposed to a brief flash of light. These lights vary in intensity. After each tone, she reports whether she saw the flash. The intensity of light that Linda perceives 50 percent of the time is her: a. b. A a. b. c. d. just noticeable difference Weber抯 constant c. absolute threshold d. subliminal limit subliminal stimulus is one that: has a 50-50 chance of being detected has a variable JND is below an absolute threshold and thus is not consciously perceived has been perceived by association areas of the brain but not the higher cortices Doctors fail to detect about ____ of tumors on mammograms. a. 7% c. 30% b. 18% d. 49% Dr. Wilson is reading a mammogram. She knows that one way to increase the accuracy of the mammogram is to: a. focus her attention on the black spots since they indicate tumors b. use a powerful magnifying glass c. reduce the lighting, which will lower the absolute threshold d. ask another doctor to read the mammogram The JND is defined as the: a. amount of a stimulus needed to perceive depth using monocular cues b. amount of a stimulus needed to perceive depth using binocular cues c. smallest amount of stimulus you can detect 25% of the time d. smallest change in intensity of the stimulus that you can detect 50% of the time The smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus that a person is able to detect at least half of the time is called a(n): a. just noticeable difference c. perception b. absolute threshold d. retinal disparity The just noticeable difference serves as the foundation for: a. transduction c. absolute threshold b. Ponzo illusion d. Weber抯 Law Danny is taking a shower. After 10 minutes in the shower, the hot water runs out. The point at which Danny can tell that the water is getting cold represents his: a. absolute threshold b. subliminal stimulus c. difference threshold d. principle of closure 2 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. ____ 26. ____ 27. ____ 28. Craig is blaring his stereo in his room. His father tells him to turn down the volume. Craig lowers the sound but his father claims the music is as loud as it was before. This is because: a. the change in volume did not reach his father抯 just noticeable difference b. Craig抯 father is unfamiliar with rock music c. the music was above his father抯 absolute threshold d. Craig抯 father subliminally perceived the volume change The proportioned increase in the intensity of a stimulus needed to produce a just noticeable difference is called: a. Fechner抯 constant c. intrastimulus difference b. Weber抯 law d. Helmholtz抯 hierarchy Weber抯 law states that: a. the accuracy with which we judge the size of a stimulus is directly proportional to the intensity of that stimulus b. the effort required to lift a weight is logarithmically proportional to the magnitude of the weight c. a tone must be three times louder in decibels before we perceive it as twice increased d. the size of a just noticeable difference is related to the intensity of the stimulus At low stimulus intensities, it takes ____ changes in order to detect a JND between two stimuli. a. large c. inverse b. small d. moderate At high stimulus intensities, it takes ____ changes in order to detect a JND between two stimuli. a. large c. inverse b. small d. moderate How did scientists conclude that fabric softeners worked on towels? a. Subjects showed a high level of transduction when feeling the towels. b. The subjects failed to detect a JND in softness. c. Subjects detected a JND in softness. d. The absolute threshold was found to be 50%. When sensation occurs, we: a. become aware of the stimulus抯 meaning and significance b. perceive c. experience an activation of our sensory receptors d. are acutely aware of inconsistencies in our physical environment The first awareness of some outside stimulus is called a(n): a. sensation c. absolute threshold b. perception d. subliminal experience Which of the following best represents sensation? a. an aircraft pilot making an adjustment in altitude b. a college student interpreting an essay by Plato c. a 14-year-old seeing a bright flash of light d. deciding to wear shorts today because the weather is nice 3 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 29. ____ 30. ____ 31. ____ 32. ____ 33. ____ 34. ____ 35. ____ 36. ____ 37. The transformation of sensations into a meaningful perception: a. is not influenced by experience b. occurs only in the sense organs c. is an automatic, instantaneous process d. results in the experience of numerous搑aw? sensations An orange, striped blob is to a tiger as ____ is to ____. a. Weber抯 Law; sensation b. proximity; figure-ground Sensation is to ____ as perception is to ____. a. monocular; binocular b. meaningless; meaningful c. perception; sensation d. sensation; perception c. similarity; simplicity d. JND; Weber抯 Law Perception is best defined as the: a. process by which sensory receptors detect outside stimuli b. combination and interpretation of sensations c. process where the brain transmits information to sensory neurons d. stimulation of sensory receptors Craig is taking his family for a car ride. His three-year-old, Katy, and Noelle, who is seven months old, are both looking out the side windows at approaching cars. Noelle sees bright flashes of lights, while Katy understands that the flashes of lights are cars. Which of the girls? experiences in the best example of perception and why? a. Katy, because she makes sense out of the flashes of lights b. Noelle, since she is capable of detecting bright flashes of lights c. Katy, because her sensory receptors are being stimulated by the lights d. Noelle, because her sensory receptors are transmitting information to her brain Based upon your understanding of perception and factors that can influence it, which saying is the most appropriate to describe perception? a. 揙 pposites attract? c. 揈 asy come, easy go? b. 揂 stitch in time saves nine? d. 揇 ifferent strokes for different folks? ____ areas in the brain change sensations to perceptions. a. Primary c. Association b. Transductive d. Hindbrain Which of the following best represents perception? a. a baby blinking her eyes in response to a puff of air b. a newborn crying c. 10-year-old Andrew successfully plays a video game d. a newborn showing a reflex When listening to music, the experience of hearing each individual note would be a ____, while interpreting the meaning of each note is an example of ____. a. unit; illusion b. segment; unit c. perception; sensation d. sensation; perception 4 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 38. ____ 39. ____ 40. ____ 41. ____ 42. ____ 43. ____ 44. ____ 45. Omar and Heidi look at a beautiful flower. Omar sees it as a Grand Lady Hybrid Strain X-6. This illustrates: a. the perceptual principle of figure-ground b. the gender difference in perception c. how perceptions are personalized interpretations d. how sensations are personalized interpretations The story of Gabrielle and the large brown dog shows: a. how sensations are personalized interpretations b. perception is influenced by transduction c. the perceptual principle of simplicity d. how perceptions are personalized interpretations The major difference between a sensation and a perception is that a sensation: a. provides basic information and perceptions add meaning and organization to that information b. involves the sense of touch and perceptions involve the sense of sight c. is limited to the peripheral nervous system and perceptions occur in the endocrine system d. is an active process and perception is a passive process _______ processing is when perception is guided by previous knowledge, experience, beliefs, or expectations to recognize a whole pattern. a. Top-down c. Threshold-specific b. Bottom-up d. Ganzfield-delimited Ben has spent the last two hours playing some intense games of chess with his son, Rothie. Afterwards they go outside to play catch together. As they walk into their yard, Ben looks up and says to Rothie, 揥 hen I look at those clouds, they look like chess pieces to me!? Clearly Ben is being affected by a. top-down processing c. retinal disparity b. the gestalt principle of motion parallax d. bottom-up processing Jarrod抯 textbook has an interesting feature in it. It has pages of transparent pages, each of which has only a small picture on it. When he lays the pages down one after another, they give a diagram of the human brain, adding one structure at a time until the whole brain is represented. This is similar to the perceptual task of a. monocular shadowing c. binocular convergence b. bottom-up processing d. top-down processing ________ processing is when perception begins with bits and pieces of information that, when combined, lead to the recognition of a whole pattern. a. Constructive c. Top-down b. Side-to-side d. Bottom-up As you sit back at the baseball game, you perceive the ball being pitched, the batter hitting it, the ball shooting high into center field, and being caught. The structuralist would argue that this perception is: a. the result of figure-ground, simplicity, and continuity b. influenced by your prior experience with the game c. created because the brain follows certain rules of perceptual organization d. formed by many basic units or elements 5 Name: ________________________ ID: A ____ 46. ____ 47. ____ 48. The a. are binocular cues for perceiving three-dimensional objects b. illustrate how illusions lead to inaccurate perceptions c. are rules that help us organize elements into something that is complete d. were developed by Weber as part of Weber抯 Law ____ 49. ____ 50. ____ 51. ____ 52. ____ 53. ____ 54. If a newspaper had an article about the Gestalt psychologists? headline? a. 揃 rain Follows Rules in Perception? b. 揚 erception: Adding Together Basic Sensations? c. 揅 ombining Elements Together? d. 揃 reaking Down Perception into Its Elements? position on perception, what would be the As you sit back at a baseball game, you perceive the ball being pitched, the batter hitting it, the ball shooting high into center field, and being caught. Gestalt psychologists would argue that this perception is: a. adding together individual sensations b. combining larger and larger units of sensations c. the result of your brain following a set of rules to create a meaningful experience d. formed by adding many basic elements Gestalt psychologists explain perceptions based on the rules of organization, which are rules that specify how: a. our brains organize sensations into perceptions b. we combine sensations together by adding individual units c. we break down perceptions into smaller units d. absolute thresholds identify subliminal stimuli Gestalt rules of organization: The rules of organization such as figure-ground and closure were developed by the _