DAANCE Module 1-Basic Sciences Latest 2023 Graded A

DAANCE Module 1-Basic Sciences Latest 2023 Graded A neurons do what conduct nerve impulses what is the synapse junction between two neurons what makes up the central nervous system brain and spinal cord what three parts make up the brain cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata what makes up the peripheral nervous system sensory nerves and motor nerves How many cranial nerves are there 12 what nerve is the trigeminal nerve 5 what parts does the trigeminal nerve control supplies sensation to the teeth and jaw what are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system? sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system what nervous system "speeds things up" sympathetic what nervous system "slows things down" parasympathetic what nervous system has terminations in all level of the heart sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes what? vasoconstriction in general and increases the heart rate what nervous system is important in maintaining blood pressure sympathetic vasomotor is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system the vasomotor does what controls the diameter of the blood vessels baroreceptors regulate what function blood pressure with positional changes the sympathetic or adrenergic effects of the autonomic nervous system involve what two effects A and B- these effect several tissues and organs Alpha effect is what (only one alpha) vasoconstriction Beta effect is what( two beta categories) seen in bigger organs, heart and lungs Beta 1 activity is where heart related functions- such as increased heart rate and strength of contraction Beta 2 activity is where pulmonary function of bronchiolar dilation (lungs) Parasympathetic stimulation causes what increased activity of digestive tract and stimulates production of saliva and pharyngeal secretions. (atropine or Robinul can counteract stimulations) Automaticity heart pumps on its own Heart has four chamber- what are they left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle Where does the left atrium receive blood from from the lungs, via the pulmonary vein- oxygen rich blood Where does the right atrium receive blood from from the peripheral (body's) circulation and is oxygen poor the ventricles receive blood from where the atria Ventricle anatomy thicker walls larger chambers left ventricle is the thickest m. Where does the right ventricle send blood deoxygenated blood to the lungs Where does the left ventricle send blood oxygenated blood to the body/ peripheral circulation What are the three sources the right atrium receives blood above: superior vena cava below: inferior vena cava inside the heart m.: coronary sinus the blood in veins are considered what oxygen poor blood vessels leading AWAY from the heart are arteries blood vessels leading TO the heart are veins Flow of Blood through the heart 1. right atrium fills with blood 2. contracts- tricuspid valve 3. right ventricle fills with blood 4. contracts- closes tricuspid valve/opens pulmonary valve 5. blood goes through pulmonary artery to the lungs 6. pulmonary veins returns blood to left atrium 7. contracts-mitral valve 8. left ventricle fills with blood 9. Contracts- forces blood through aortic valve into aorta and then the peripheral circulation. closure of the four valves prevents back flow. if valve is damaged then this will be a heart murmur or mitral valve prolapse most heart problems are because of faulty or reduced coronary circulation- the hearts own circulatory system reduced oxygen supply weakens the heart this condition is called ischemia what results from ischemia angina pectoris- chest pain poor circulation can also cause myocardium infarction arteries can either ________ or _________ vasodilation or vasoconstriction diastolic phase is during what part of the blood flow when the ventricles are relaxed diastolic pressure measures what the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation of the ventricles systolic phase is what part of the blood flow when the ventricles contract systolic pressure measures what the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the ventricles cardiac cycle 60-100 beats/minute bradycardia less than 60 tachycardia greater than 100 sinoatrial node (SA) located right atrium pacemaker of the heart rhythms caused by the SA node are called what sinus rhythms ectopic pacemakers occur when when the SA node fails- they will be produced and take over as the pacemaker the impulse from the SA Node travels to where the atrioventricular node (AV) after the AV node is stimulated where does the impulse go bundle of His where does the impulse go after the bundle of His purkinje fiber system the Purkinje system does what with the impulse fibers that branch into the right and left ventricles and the ventricles will contract does the AV node speeds up or slows down the impulse slows down Stroke Volume 60 mL of blood (30 mL = 1 oz) amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one beat cardiac output total amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute stroke volume x heart rate =________ cardiac output P wave is what atrial depolarization QRS wave is what ventricular contraction- ventricular depolarization T wave is what Ventricular repolarization makes the ventricle muscle ready for a new contraction QRS complexes can be counted to determine heart rate lingual artery supplies where tongue and floor of mouth facial artery supplies the face- located behind mandible inferior alveolar artery supplies mandible and teeth maxillary artery supplies maxilla, sinuses, teeth, nose important veins in antecubital space cephalic, basiilic, pharynx is located where space between the nose and the trachea three sections three sections of the pharynx are what 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx nasopharynx is located where above the back of the soft palate oropharynx is located where lies between the soft palate and the epiglottis laryngopharynx is located where directly behind the larynx- voice box epiglottis is what soft tissue valve that covers the larynx. located at the base of the tongue purpose of epiglottis allow air in and out of the lungs- prevents food or liquids from entering the lungs. closes the airway while swallowing the lower airway is what trachea trachea is how large 12 cm in length 2.5 cm in diameter trachea divides into what right and left bronchi bronchi branch out and become bronchioles and then alveoli how much RBC are in blood (erythrocytes) 40 % Hematocrit percentage of blood volume made up of RBC male 42-52% female 37-48% Hemoglobin one protein globin four non proteins heme normal levels of hemoglobin 13-18 mL/dL males 12-16 mL/dL females Anemia decrease of the hemoglobin concentration How much oxygen is connected to hemoglobin 1.34 mL Dead Space -area where gas will not be exchanged -extends from the pharynx to the bronchioles -area is 150 cc of volume space tidal volume amount of air inhaled and exhaled -average 500 cc -350 cc of air actually reached the alveoli respiratory involuntary function due to center located in medulla oblongata Normal adult respiration 12- 16 respirations/min at rest