f(Wel'tits:
-
onlq l\l\~\t
,.;.____:.c:.=.;. / l,01\ds.
.~O.Ch bon d o~1e
ll oppr0XHMtll
CA I\Canes o.re $O.tur<1te.d hydroco.rlo~ !Q9.d o-m1o_r--
'~ SUI t Of- tht
· fltQ.ttions Ot Cll~Cll\RJ):
-: •·'·'). •AIUIUSari'Jt~ u.nreo.tn'le. . .
~ n1 y - h~\; .\.~l\tS.:
pio(Q-.. .
A •\J V ro.<1i0.1i 0t\ ; 0 sunlight undLr ul/ 11gh r.
5
1-= .
1
-tillrahHJ.rotoroun(l. tO.C~
·g con,on~torri .-form1
. n~J c-c on ct t-H ft bonds ho..ve ~ -
orbi ~ li
Frorne ~ ,, 4 pm,io.RI> enough .e,tUrgy ~or
erierol ~orn1ulO -= Cn H1 nt 1 'ii1gmo. oot\ d 1io11ctrn g o.tom o.h1qhbond e11tho.lpy . 0-1.,Uttil) toceau l'.l iHiho.loq~ns .
tru.st bond'i \10-.Vl 0. ve,111 lOw \JV 4
~-9, '-::' '4 l~) \ Bri <9) ~
\J ·
·unrQQCti -4 :-"-----'-'-'~ = ~~
ve highbond en t-holey (ObOnd)~ <::r'oon d nos
bo.htJ~2JI llOIO.ri~ ond o.ro. con~ idt~o.d
~ h.l •
, l\·\ 3_f> rcg)/ riSrc )
(-{ and C-1-\ t-wo ~~ct-rons Ii> 1:,Q.non-po l(J.r . ~SUb I ht-\Atl ~n re 0..Cti on. M:eth QO tS'M =-pr-:e,r;o{l+€,~c1
l . ~nor ed bet-l,IJUO , , . . . ,tV.Slll,9-<l.rlcrs9 .f.YOm VV ftlCU(ih011?-ur,s-hn.d'lon-~
Olll/flOJ'Olqnty bm~e.tn boridi11q ot-orns . 1:) 11,1 h anon: Whm radiCCIIS o.re. IYI o.d.l . ,I, f-6.1(.Q/.) is t-oqe..r:
t-M1e boncl.s. (onq.rorn ~o.c h)
• AlllO.rl.U 0.fQ (QQ.dilq o.vo. 1lO.ble, c.s. homo\qtit fiUiOt\ .
broUn b~ 1
·used o~ n f~l-rQOCtw / 0¥1/Qentogeneroteru.o.t PositiCJn~d on o. em4tutron1portancl burno. tQ\lQ.SOM { ~()rryiin9 1-wo 1-11CrHL.V 1<t.Ac. w~
·c().nbHro\Un down(combuthol'I) QOCn tinQdHQc!-19 plR..nllf-Y supply Ofo><~gen . ro.cilculs . (enerq4 9ro\/id~d byuv) . . .
• Lcngerthtci1C1tn q n c:o-rbol"l berwe..tnbond.1ng , tq . Sr 2 - l !2.Sr •_,-:pcodl.Lttso.re fOl'lVU.d-il'I q_u.o.nhl) v1 ao. ~o~«n-
I r.at tr the otorfl hOS tl t OIYIS
• -"""" .
e.g. ( 1-1 t Q,ioO -4 6C.0;. t-1-\-1 0 2.) >'ropoga-r,on- cho.111 ru01on, cod1 COi~ an both ~,dJ/l .
•...,,....,.
. ,feJtAJ) o.ndt-he.n~r"-o.
n t
e.r L11 ·P· 4s,9 rr,:::>.
loonos-e,i\\1Qr C-C· t-H 6 14 2 2
oe,H1 t \-1 Br } sHp~(!)& O repeut
rn
/'..... . (i) C.1-\ 4 r Br 0
-s,qmo. bOf\QS o.ct os o..'l'.ts e.9. c ' · ~C.Oqos- 1>oisonw1,odour~SS,ilind\1onw.rn9qlOl:ll~io (V •O-1 1 t- '(!.r'l -4 CH ; 'B r t g r • wit\\ \-erm1nati0 •
11
oround Which the O.t0IYl! can rotote ~<::. -= C.o.rbon(soot) -b\(il,Wl b\.lll~\rlS\, 'oOO(\C0.1\1-(QCJ.l n. onerodic.ol feAC.-tS and (),Y\e.., fo.di'co.liHol)(.C..IJ)l
Q1ho.ne '. I
.
fr~ :. tMse snopes cire NO• rO(ilD. r~1ro.to19cmtC11U- tnouqn °"'~e i) rerr<1inanon 1 t~o ro.d1CC1IHol11clL f-Ortv1 ng o.
1
's . 1:iul(lO e /'J co.n roro H 1fl i O0. u-}har t , 1-1,,~c-c(,,111
rl /_ . H t- 1 o / ~HO - uotntrl'llit, N\O\l..tu.U w/oll poired. J
/<t .9 . c,. H16(L> 1 2, )-'I "'1-S:__g:l 'l. lL) r QIY\O'll~s rodico.1s tro.dtco.l s onl~ on
9
6oilin9 point voriCltiollS: '- _ H.,. H \ ~
1\~ c , t ,
e.-g.C't"Hirn)t l-Wi(<f) .
+ &1-lz.O(L>
• €,r t •s,- -4 B(2 - o R. -
• Cl-\ 5 t
rQac1an~s1cl.i'>
, e, 11 3 -----'1 Ci HG' - olZ - -'lnopnh.O..r~actiovz.
' Crude 011con 1-0ins hund.rQdtof
ct· .
d1ffHent
_1fferent- Q.lkOnH whiChoroipOlro-teo~ bbillilQPOiOt5 ' 8,; t ' C.l13 __,, C. t-\3 g, .
inro r-rocn ons b4 frtltti'onol dVin11011on . 01 0.tKaner. Lifl'\i 10..t\ons:
lcon fo!n,"'o. lorqe ro.ncie o~ o. tKo~ tr) (1,1c110111 t1nqtl't •funner substitutions o.n ponil?U. .
. Uinq Q.rthHhOiYI, qr~o.tH tkL London fOr<Rl il'\(.rto.W-)
'LCll\~~rchOinS (0.1\ t\Cl.\/t subshtuhOYlJ o.t
ond qr! atert-nl boi11·n9 fOl/1_:S diff-11.nnt p osi1i'ofll.
u.ngth·, ..... br(loth.!n9.'.:.. :,+\'\i\ i'. l\01 0. (Q.\i(lbl~ w()_qot lY\O.IU1'19 \\o.Loo.L\C.o./\2,0.
•A:Sc,ha.in u..nr-tt intrll.O..W, (YIOLic.u.Un l\Q...11'{ Q.: f\\ 0.M~ ond ~xploin th~ proc.rn o~ obl-oini12.9
lor911.f ~r~lll.l ~rt~ :. h\Orll!>u.q.o.tl t ~nrCJ.t-t.
i\ pOW"ibU. be-t11.1trn !YI Ol WJ,Wl.....: urosQ.l\i fro rr1 trud.R. oil.
'TM L.0"'10 ~ fOrW v,}i\l be rtron 9 ernncl SO M,<7Y't A:lrnth'onal di~ti1IO:non. Piff-Hrnt frachonI In
el\.2.rgy i~ ,~~LLlf~d- to '"trttifW!. -1w. +orcJfi• crud,l li,l_ 11.0..vi ci..l'HtrUl/- b,f. Inc. temp .Of 1-kL
eQ.nfo.nl (i\Uh11lbv.ton~ Q,{ -~lh\ll sysH.IY'l sOto.th frotnCJri "aro1.rnHJ
/'Z../ \J ~ opu~ reparot-~l~ frorn 1-ht o+htr 1,roct,onl ().n
. cJ_cu.rt b-t
'b6 C " 2.Z"Cl co\ Iecttd.
€;1: Celeri'oQ Hit 1oo11din9 iyi QJI-IOv\..t -&\-O.te Qlld
incna.sQ.d brnncning , , t'n ,t,,J-1,.onL ,
lxpla1n t\U \-\-(- 1-1 1:1011 d 0 9v-
11
dllc.,rQO.SQO boiling point
. .. t-H bOn(U o.rt.
cJJcreo.sed poin1Hf coMOt~ (ui .) A:•Mgle.C.a.sbQ..rWU.n c-cano•
d. ( 1r-1,()1'1ClL o-bond i'\0.1'1 ovctrt011 0~ h'lO
l9M Londcm f-o rns, mout.u)...t. ot1n1
ofbitots, one f-rOYYl iioth lo onclf ng atam . t-0Cll
h~l. mou911 el'ILl'tr'J to indlA.U.~
w dJ.:poLL on anit'.IW r,,ldU1Jil.t-· /\ Co.1omlic.l~. to 4- 01-hH otorris lo4 c.e.. Sh.o.pe
(\.rourid.. tcitn c. o.torY>is H\-Yol,\.Lctrat. tour
Q\50 ltH b1:-a,H kM gQr in H1tw ay
1
o-n d \ncno.s~cl chl\in l.Jl.,nQ\-h ) · bonding pal~ o~iLu., t-rons irtpe.t trt..U t\l~
p~v,n-1 +ti t- \ironclU.o. IY\C1lLU,l,l.21> 9e.1hng OJ ~fQ.O.HfS' .A.Of CO!Hl).t'.1 t() 3"lve. Cl bond anglt Of tOG ,; " o.round fi,u
toqe-thu o.s .11-f~ iqh+-chClin MOlU.,uUo, clicrHllil19
~ Cl<l$e, s\Tong~r lono.onforcQ.O. _,, ,. ~
,111-ell1\ o\l.w.1 ar fofClh H,t/l'iU.fl carbon ci.tom .
-
onlq l\l\~\t
,.;.____:.c:.=.;. / l,01\ds.
.~O.Ch bon d o~1e
ll oppr0XHMtll
CA I\Canes o.re $O.tur<1te.d hydroco.rlo~ !Q9.d o-m1o_r--
'~ SUI t Of- tht
· fltQ.ttions Ot Cll~Cll\RJ):
-: •·'·'). •AIUIUSari'Jt~ u.nreo.tn'le. . .
~ n1 y - h~\; .\.~l\tS.:
pio(Q-.. .
A •\J V ro.<1i0.1i 0t\ ; 0 sunlight undLr ul/ 11gh r.
5
1-= .
1
-tillrahHJ.rotoroun(l. tO.C~
·g con,on~torri .-form1
. n~J c-c on ct t-H ft bonds ho..ve ~ -
orbi ~ li
Frorne ~ ,, 4 pm,io.RI> enough .e,tUrgy ~or
erierol ~orn1ulO -= Cn H1 nt 1 'ii1gmo. oot\ d 1io11ctrn g o.tom o.h1qhbond e11tho.lpy . 0-1.,Uttil) toceau l'.l iHiho.loq~ns .
tru.st bond'i \10-.Vl 0. ve,111 lOw \JV 4
~-9, '-::' '4 l~) \ Bri <9) ~
\J ·
·unrQQCti -4 :-"-----'-'-'~ = ~~
ve highbond en t-holey (ObOnd)~ <::r'oon d nos
bo.htJ~2JI llOIO.ri~ ond o.ro. con~ idt~o.d
~ h.l •
, l\·\ 3_f> rcg)/ riSrc )
(-{ and C-1-\ t-wo ~~ct-rons Ii> 1:,Q.non-po l(J.r . ~SUb I ht-\Atl ~n re 0..Cti on. M:eth QO tS'M =-pr-:e,r;o{l+€,~c1
l . ~nor ed bet-l,IJUO , , . . . ,tV.Slll,9-<l.rlcrs9 .f.YOm VV ftlCU(ih011?-ur,s-hn.d'lon-~
Olll/flOJ'Olqnty bm~e.tn boridi11q ot-orns . 1:) 11,1 h anon: Whm radiCCIIS o.re. IYI o.d.l . ,I, f-6.1(.Q/.) is t-oqe..r:
t-M1e boncl.s. (onq.rorn ~o.c h)
• AlllO.rl.U 0.fQ (QQ.dilq o.vo. 1lO.ble, c.s. homo\qtit fiUiOt\ .
broUn b~ 1
·used o~ n f~l-rQOCtw / 0¥1/Qentogeneroteru.o.t PositiCJn~d on o. em4tutron1portancl burno. tQ\lQ.SOM { ~()rryiin9 1-wo 1-11CrHL.V 1<t.Ac. w~
·c().nbHro\Un down(combuthol'I) QOCn tinQdHQc!-19 plR..nllf-Y supply Ofo><~gen . ro.cilculs . (enerq4 9ro\/id~d byuv) . . .
• Lcngerthtci1C1tn q n c:o-rbol"l berwe..tnbond.1ng , tq . Sr 2 - l !2.Sr •_,-:pcodl.Lttso.re fOl'lVU.d-il'I q_u.o.nhl) v1 ao. ~o~«n-
I r.at tr the otorfl hOS tl t OIYIS
• -"""" .
e.g. ( 1-1 t Q,ioO -4 6C.0;. t-1-\-1 0 2.) >'ropoga-r,on- cho.111 ru01on, cod1 COi~ an both ~,dJ/l .
•...,,....,.
. ,feJtAJ) o.ndt-he.n~r"-o.
n t
e.r L11 ·P· 4s,9 rr,:::>.
loonos-e,i\\1Qr C-C· t-H 6 14 2 2
oe,H1 t \-1 Br } sHp~(!)& O repeut
rn
/'..... . (i) C.1-\ 4 r Br 0
-s,qmo. bOf\QS o.ct os o..'l'.ts e.9. c ' · ~C.Oqos- 1>oisonw1,odour~SS,ilind\1onw.rn9qlOl:ll~io (V •O-1 1 t- '(!.r'l -4 CH ; 'B r t g r • wit\\ \-erm1nati0 •
11
oround Which the O.t0IYl! can rotote ~<::. -= C.o.rbon(soot) -b\(il,Wl b\.lll~\rlS\, 'oOO(\C0.1\1-(QCJ.l n. onerodic.ol feAC.-tS and (),Y\e.., fo.di'co.liHol)(.C..IJ)l
Q1ho.ne '. I
.
fr~ :. tMse snopes cire NO• rO(ilD. r~1ro.to19cmtC11U- tnouqn °"'~e i) rerr<1inanon 1 t~o ro.d1CC1IHol11clL f-Ortv1 ng o.
1
's . 1:iul(lO e /'J co.n roro H 1fl i O0. u-}har t , 1-1,,~c-c(,,111
rl /_ . H t- 1 o / ~HO - uotntrl'llit, N\O\l..tu.U w/oll poired. J
/<t .9 . c,. H16(L> 1 2, )-'I "'1-S:__g:l 'l. lL) r QIY\O'll~s rodico.1s tro.dtco.l s onl~ on
9
6oilin9 point voriCltiollS: '- _ H.,. H \ ~
1\~ c , t ,
e.-g.C't"Hirn)t l-Wi(<f) .
+ &1-lz.O(L>
• €,r t •s,- -4 B(2 - o R. -
• Cl-\ 5 t
rQac1an~s1cl.i'>
, e, 11 3 -----'1 Ci HG' - olZ - -'lnopnh.O..r~actiovz.
' Crude 011con 1-0ins hund.rQdtof
ct· .
d1ffHent
_1fferent- Q.lkOnH whiChoroipOlro-teo~ bbillilQPOiOt5 ' 8,; t ' C.l13 __,, C. t-\3 g, .
inro r-rocn ons b4 frtltti'onol dVin11011on . 01 0.tKaner. Lifl'\i 10..t\ons:
lcon fo!n,"'o. lorqe ro.ncie o~ o. tKo~ tr) (1,1c110111 t1nqtl't •funner substitutions o.n ponil?U. .
. Uinq Q.rthHhOiYI, qr~o.tH tkL London fOr<Rl il'\(.rto.W-)
'LCll\~~rchOinS (0.1\ t\Cl.\/t subshtuhOYlJ o.t
ond qr! atert-nl boi11·n9 fOl/1_:S diff-11.nnt p osi1i'ofll.
u.ngth·, ..... br(loth.!n9.'.:.. :,+\'\i\ i'. l\01 0. (Q.\i(lbl~ w()_qot lY\O.IU1'19 \\o.Loo.L\C.o./\2,0.
•A:Sc,ha.in u..nr-tt intrll.O..W, (YIOLic.u.Un l\Q...11'{ Q.: f\\ 0.M~ ond ~xploin th~ proc.rn o~ obl-oini12.9
lor911.f ~r~lll.l ~rt~ :. h\Orll!>u.q.o.tl t ~nrCJ.t-t.
i\ pOW"ibU. be-t11.1trn !YI Ol WJ,Wl.....: urosQ.l\i fro rr1 trud.R. oil.
'TM L.0"'10 ~ fOrW v,}i\l be rtron 9 ernncl SO M,<7Y't A:lrnth'onal di~ti1IO:non. Piff-Hrnt frachonI In
el\.2.rgy i~ ,~~LLlf~d- to '"trttifW!. -1w. +orcJfi• crud,l li,l_ 11.0..vi ci..l'HtrUl/- b,f. Inc. temp .Of 1-kL
eQ.nfo.nl (i\Uh11lbv.ton~ Q,{ -~lh\ll sysH.IY'l sOto.th frotnCJri "aro1.rnHJ
/'Z../ \J ~ opu~ reparot-~l~ frorn 1-ht o+htr 1,roct,onl ().n
. cJ_cu.rt b-t
'b6 C " 2.Z"Cl co\ Iecttd.
€;1: Celeri'oQ Hit 1oo11din9 iyi QJI-IOv\..t -&\-O.te Qlld
incna.sQ.d brnncning , , t'n ,t,,J-1,.onL ,
lxpla1n t\U \-\-(- 1-1 1:1011 d 0 9v-
11
dllc.,rQO.SQO boiling point
. .. t-H bOn(U o.rt.
cJJcreo.sed poin1Hf coMOt~ (ui .) A:•Mgle.C.a.sbQ..rWU.n c-cano•
d. ( 1r-1,()1'1ClL o-bond i'\0.1'1 ovctrt011 0~ h'lO
l9M Londcm f-o rns, mout.u)...t. ot1n1
ofbitots, one f-rOYYl iioth lo onclf ng atam . t-0Cll
h~l. mou911 el'ILl'tr'J to indlA.U.~
w dJ.:poLL on anit'.IW r,,ldU1Jil.t-· /\ Co.1omlic.l~. to 4- 01-hH otorris lo4 c.e.. Sh.o.pe
(\.rourid.. tcitn c. o.torY>is H\-Yol,\.Lctrat. tour
Q\50 ltH b1:-a,H kM gQr in H1tw ay
1
o-n d \ncno.s~cl chl\in l.Jl.,nQ\-h ) · bonding pal~ o~iLu., t-rons irtpe.t trt..U t\l~
p~v,n-1 +ti t- \ironclU.o. IY\C1lLU,l,l.21> 9e.1hng OJ ~fQ.O.HfS' .A.Of CO!Hl).t'.1 t() 3"lve. Cl bond anglt Of tOG ,; " o.round fi,u
toqe-thu o.s .11-f~ iqh+-chClin MOlU.,uUo, clicrHllil19
~ Cl<l$e, s\Tong~r lono.onforcQ.O. _,, ,. ~
,111-ell1\ o\l.w.1 ar fofClh H,t/l'iU.fl carbon ci.tom .
