EIP Midterm Exam With Questions and Answers
Define EBP - ANSWER an approach to decision-making that uses the best
evidence available in conjunction with client choices to decide on an option
(course of action)
What is knowledge? - ANSWER a collection of ideas and facts about a topic
What is evidence? - ANSWER information that makes a conclusion of a set of
facts more apparent - with more evidence comes more knowledge
List the 5 Steps of EBP - ANSWER 1. posing a clinical question (i.e.: constructing a
P.I.C.O question)
2. Searching for the evidence
3. Appraising the literature
4. Making a decision
5. Assessing the effectiveness of an intervention and one's proficiency with the EBP
process itself.
Postpositivism - ANSWER the post positivist worldview is a term synonymous to
what we have traditionally called the scientific method. Comes after positivism or
when the research believed that the absolute truth of knowledge was [soley]
determined by empirical science (this worldview commonly underpins
quantitative research designs)
Constructivism - ANSWER the constructivist worldview believes that knowledge
is more complex than that which can simply believed to be reduced to facts
interpretatavism is a term often associated with this world view, believing that
knowledge is inclusive of 'making-meaning' rather than solely based on a scientific
explanation (commonly underpins qualitative research designs)
Pragmatism - ANSWER the pragmatist worldview believes that knowledge is
derived from the analysis of actions, situations, and consequences rather than the
sole examination of conditions (this worldview commonly under pins
mixed-methods research designs)
Transformative - ANSWER seeks too create knowledge beyond imposed
, structural laws and theories; seeks to understand how politics and social
oppression can lead to issues of discrimination, oppression, and injustices
(underpins qualitative and mixed methods research designs)
Quantitative research - ANSWER involves true experiments; this approach can
include some less rigorous designs called quasi-experiments, and applied behavior
analysis or single-subject experiments
Qualitative research - ANSWER involves (but is not limited to) the procedures of
grounded theories, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, and even
case studies
Mixed Methods - ANSWER involves combining or integrating quantitative and
qualitative research and data into a single research study
Level 1 Evidence - ANSWER systematic reviews of random control trials (RCTs)
-highest internal validity due to randomizations
Level 2 Evidence - ANSWER systematic reviews of cohort studies
-little bias because the subjects are identified prior to outcome - randomization is
lost
Level 3 Evidence - ANSWER Systematic reviews and case control studies
-bias can be present; subjects are pre-selected therefore internal threat can be
evident
Level 4 Evidence - ANSWER Case series and case control studies
-comparison b/w groups is lost at this level; outcomes are particular to a single
group
Level 5 Evidence - ANSWER Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal
-lowest level of evidence
Narrative review articles - ANSWER review of similar topic articles to a
meaningful conclusion - may lack specified organization
Systematic review articles - ANSWER inclusion and analysis methods are
specified - typically at similar levels of evidence
Meta-analysis review articles - ANSWER systematic review concluding with an
overall effectiveness statistic
Define EBP - ANSWER an approach to decision-making that uses the best
evidence available in conjunction with client choices to decide on an option
(course of action)
What is knowledge? - ANSWER a collection of ideas and facts about a topic
What is evidence? - ANSWER information that makes a conclusion of a set of
facts more apparent - with more evidence comes more knowledge
List the 5 Steps of EBP - ANSWER 1. posing a clinical question (i.e.: constructing a
P.I.C.O question)
2. Searching for the evidence
3. Appraising the literature
4. Making a decision
5. Assessing the effectiveness of an intervention and one's proficiency with the EBP
process itself.
Postpositivism - ANSWER the post positivist worldview is a term synonymous to
what we have traditionally called the scientific method. Comes after positivism or
when the research believed that the absolute truth of knowledge was [soley]
determined by empirical science (this worldview commonly underpins
quantitative research designs)
Constructivism - ANSWER the constructivist worldview believes that knowledge
is more complex than that which can simply believed to be reduced to facts
interpretatavism is a term often associated with this world view, believing that
knowledge is inclusive of 'making-meaning' rather than solely based on a scientific
explanation (commonly underpins qualitative research designs)
Pragmatism - ANSWER the pragmatist worldview believes that knowledge is
derived from the analysis of actions, situations, and consequences rather than the
sole examination of conditions (this worldview commonly under pins
mixed-methods research designs)
Transformative - ANSWER seeks too create knowledge beyond imposed
, structural laws and theories; seeks to understand how politics and social
oppression can lead to issues of discrimination, oppression, and injustices
(underpins qualitative and mixed methods research designs)
Quantitative research - ANSWER involves true experiments; this approach can
include some less rigorous designs called quasi-experiments, and applied behavior
analysis or single-subject experiments
Qualitative research - ANSWER involves (but is not limited to) the procedures of
grounded theories, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, and even
case studies
Mixed Methods - ANSWER involves combining or integrating quantitative and
qualitative research and data into a single research study
Level 1 Evidence - ANSWER systematic reviews of random control trials (RCTs)
-highest internal validity due to randomizations
Level 2 Evidence - ANSWER systematic reviews of cohort studies
-little bias because the subjects are identified prior to outcome - randomization is
lost
Level 3 Evidence - ANSWER Systematic reviews and case control studies
-bias can be present; subjects are pre-selected therefore internal threat can be
evident
Level 4 Evidence - ANSWER Case series and case control studies
-comparison b/w groups is lost at this level; outcomes are particular to a single
group
Level 5 Evidence - ANSWER Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal
-lowest level of evidence
Narrative review articles - ANSWER review of similar topic articles to a
meaningful conclusion - may lack specified organization
Systematic review articles - ANSWER inclusion and analysis methods are
specified - typically at similar levels of evidence
Meta-analysis review articles - ANSWER systematic review concluding with an
overall effectiveness statistic
