Chapter 8 DeWitt, questions and answers, 100% correct

Chapter 8 DeWitt, questions and answers, 100% correct The incidence of VHD has decreased due to advanced technology and antibiotics (T/F) true Acquired VHD may be due to a. age b. CAD c. endocarditis d. all of the above d. all of the above Smooth flow with its peak velocity in the center is _______ flow a. laminar b. regurgitant c. stenotic d. turbulent a. laminar Regurgitation travels in the ________ direction of normal flow, while stenosis travels in the _______ direction of as normal flow a. opposite/same b. same/opposite a. opposite/same In the chamber that is _______ to the stenotic valve, the blood backs up, drives the pressure up, and creates a pressure overload pattern a. beyond b. closest c. distal d. proximal d. proximal ______________ of the valve leaflets is caused by a combination of the pressure pushing on the undersurface of the leaflets and commissural fusion a. calcification b. doming c. fusion d. thickening b. doming If the valve area decreases, the cardiac output decreases, so the velocity must decrease in an attempt to maintain the cardiac output (T/F) false When the heart has to compensate for the increased afterload, the result is ________of the ventricular walls because the hear has to work harder to eject the blood a. atrophy b. dyskinesis c. hypertrophy d. hypokinesis c. hypertrophy a regurgitant valve creates a volume overload pattern because it is dumping extra blood into the a. distal chamber b. inferior chamber c. proximal chamber d. superior chamber c. proximal chamber What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis? a. congenital b. MAC c. prosthetic valve dysfunction d. rheumatic heart disease d. rheumatic heart disease complications of MS include; a. dilatation of the ascending aorta b. increase LA pressure c. LV enlargement d. post stenotic dilatation b. increased LA pressure what type of murmur is associated with mitral stenosis? a. low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap b. mid systolic click with/without systolic murmur c. murmur that radiates to the axilla d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur a. low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap MS creates a volume and pressure overload pattern, this may result in LV hypertrophy and a small, D shaped RV (T/F) false ________ is a treatment option for MS a. PMBV b. mitral commissurotomy c. mitral valve repair or replacement d. all of the above d. all of the above echo findings of MS include ______ a. LA spontaneous echo contrast b. posterior motion of PMVL c. systolic doming of the AMVL d. thin, elongated leaflets a. LA spontaneous echo contrast MR causes diastolic doming of the AMVL with a hockey stick appearance (T/F) false MR associated with MS is most likely due to a. AOV notching b. LA enlargement c. LV enlargement d. scarring of the IVS b. LA enlargement RVH, RV dilatation, flattering of the IVS, paradoxical wall motion, and a small D shaped LV are the result of PH (T/F) true normal MV area 4-6 cm^2 MR leads to LA enlargement and increased LA pressure (T/F) true Acute MR leads to PH and heart failure; whereas, chronic MR causes pulmonary edema (T/F) false MR is backward diastolic flow through the mitral valve (T/F) false Causes of MR include ___________ a. annulus dilatation b. fatigue c. irregular rhythm d. orthopnea a. annulus dilatation MR increases ______; this creates LV volume overload pattern and LV enlargement a. afterload b. preload b. preload What type of mumur is associated with MR? a. holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla b. low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap c. mid systolic click with/without a systolic murmur d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur Echo findings include R and LV enlargement, hyperkinetic wall motion, LA enlargement, and AOV notching; what is most likely the diagnosis? a. AR b. AS c. MR d. MS c. MR Pulmonary venous systolic flow reversal indicates ________ a. normal pulmonary vein flow b. mild MR c. moderate MR d. severe MR d. severe MR what type of murmur is associate with MVP? a. low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap b. mid systolic click with/without a systolic murmur c. murmur that radiates to the axilla d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur b. mid systolic click with/without a systolic murmur A false positive MVP may result from improper transducer placement or ___________ large pericardial effusion MVP is diagnosed when both the AMVL and the PMVL prolapse beyond the annulus plane (T/F) false the most common etiology of AS in the US is a. BAV b. calcific AS of a normal trileaflet valve c. rheumatic HD d. all of the above b. calcific AS AS is the most common primary valve disease and is best evaluated with echo (T/F) true Aortic _________ is a thickened AOV that still opens well, with a peak velocity <2.5 m/s a. congenital AS b. rheumatic HD c. sclerosis d. stenosis sclerosis the three most common AS etiologies include ________ a. calcific AS of a trileaflet AOV b. congenital BAV with superimposed calcific changes c. rheumatic AS d. all of the above d. all of the above BAV usually becomes symptomatic between the ages of __________ a. <10 b. 10-20 c. 20-50 d. 30-40 d. 30-40 adults with BAV usually present with _____ that are reliable predictors of the need for a prosthetic valve, or the risk of heart failure/death a. aortic coarc b. calcific changes c. congenital membrane d. raphe b calcific changes _________ AS originates at the aortic valve cusps and moves out toward the commissures a. congenital b. degenerative c. prosthetic d. rheumatic d. rheumatic a 25 year old has AS, what most likely caused it? a. BAV b. coarctation of the aorta c. congenital membrane across the outflow tract d. degenerative aortic stenosis a. BAV What type of murmur is associated with AS? a. low pitched diastolic rumble with an opening snap b. mid systolic click with/without systolic murmur c. murmur that radiates to the axilla d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur d. systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur the echo report should include details regarding the ____________-- a. level of obstruction b. LV size, wall thickness, and EF c. cusp mobility, thickness, calcification d. all of the above d. all of the above ________ is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a balloon catheter with a stent mounted valve crimped on its tip a. AV repair b. mini thoacotomy c. PMBV d. TAVR TAVR the patient is 84 years old and the echo findings include thickened, calcified AOV cusps, LV hypertrophy, LV enlargement, decreased LV systolic function, and post stenotic dilatation of the aortic root. what it the most likely diagnosis? a. acute AR due to AOV vegetation b. aortic sclerosis with AR c. BAV stenosis d. degenerative AS d. degenerative AS When is a raphe present? a. BAV b. cleft AOV c. degenerative AS d. rheumatic AS a. BAV ___________ would most likely cause chronic AR a. aortic dissection b. aortic stenosis c. LA myxoma d. trauma b. AS severe AR causes a ________ a. high pitched, blowing, diastolic crescendo murmur at the apex b. high pitched, blowing, diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border c. low pitched, mid diastolic rumble at the apex d. low pitched, systolic rumble at the apex c. low pitched, mid diastolic rumble at the apex echo findings include diastolic flutter of the AMVL and AOV cusps, early closure of the MV, and early opening of the AOV; what is most likely the diagnosis? a. AR b. AS c. MR d. MS a. AR a diastolic rumble that varies with respiration and has an opening snap, is most likely_________ a. MR b. PS c. TR d. TS d. TS ____________ is the most common cause of TS a. carcinoid HD b. ebstein anomaly c. rheumatic fever d. RA close rheumatic fever significant TR may lead to enlargement of the RA, RV, IVC, SVC, hepatic veins, and neck veins (T/F) true PH is an elevation in the pressure of the pulmonary arteries caused by another disease such as diastolic heart failure or left heart disease a. true b. false a. true ___________ is the most common cause of PS a. carcinoid HD b. congenital HD c. pulmonary artery aneurysm d. rheumatic HD b. congenital HD pulmonic stenosis creates a harsh diastolic ejection mumur and a thrill may also be present (T/F) false _________ is an indication of PS? a. LV hypertrophy with flattening of the IVS b. post stenotic dilatation of the aorta c. thickening of the pulmonic leaflets with systolic doming d. all of the above c. thickening of the pulmonic leaflets with systolic doming a graham steele murmur is a high pitched blowing diastolic murumr may that may be heard in cases of pulmonic stenosis with PH (T/F) false