NUR 355 Exam 2 (2023) Question & Answer

NUR 355 Exam 2 1. Active Natural Immunity: Received by exposure to a pathogen (e.g. getting COVID through exposure) a. Longest acting 2. Active artificial immunity: Vaccines 3. Innate: Natural (what your born with) 4. Natural passive: Breastfeed babies acquiring antibodies through breast milk 5. Artificial Passive: Immune serum 6. Type 1: Allergic (IgE) i. Anaphylaxis ii. Emergency b. Symptoms: i. Facial swelling ii. Auditory wheezing iii. Stridor iv. Maintain airway 7. Type 2: Cytotoxic (IgG, IgM) a. Blood reaction i. Stay with patient for first 15 minutes after administering blood products ii. Stop infusion immediately with AR and change tubing iii. Rapid infuse normal saline iv. Maintain airway v. Administer oxygen vi. Notify rapid response team vii. Symptoms 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased respirtions 3. Fever viii. DO NOT LEAVE PATIENT ALONE 8. Type 3: Immune IgG, IgM) a. Complement release & information of deposit form antigens/antibodies. b. SLE (Lupus) i. Butterfly rash c. Fatigue d. Pale e. Females f. RA: i. bilateral ii. Red iii. Hot iv. Swollen joints g. Serum sickness: reaction to immune system from conditions antibodies such as snake bite 9. Type 4: Delayed a. Due to exposure i. Poison IVY ii. Positive TB test iii. Latex 10. Type 5: Stimulated a. Antibodies b. Hyperthyroidism c. Graves Disease (bulging eyes) 11. HIV/AIDS: HIV progresses to AIDS when rapid rise In HIV viral load and CD4+ falls below 200 cell/mm3 a. Risk factors i. Unprotected intercourse ii. IV drug use b. Stages i. Stage 1: HIV: 500 3 or more ii. Stage 2: HIV: 200-499 cell/mm3 iii. Stage 3: AIDS: <200 cell/mm3 iv. Stage 4: No information yet available c. Medication/treatment i. Protective isolation ii. Reverse isolation iii. ART medications 1. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Involves using 3 to 4 HIV medications in combination with other ART medications to reduce medication resistance, adverse effects and dosage. iv. Fusion inhibitors v. Entry inhibitors vi. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors vii. Non-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors viii. Protease inhibitors ix. Integrase inhibitors x. Antineoplastic medications d. Nursing education i. Safe sex ii. High protein/calorie diet e. Nursing interventions i. Universal protection ii. Protective isolation f. Complication of HIV i. Kaposis sarcoma 1. Cancer caused by virus 2. Kaposis sarcoma can lead to an opportunistic infection leading to sepsis leading to death. 12. Immunoglobulin a. IgM: 1st and largest response i. Mainly in blood and lymph fluid b. IgA: Oral, mucous membrane, secretory glands secretions i. Bowel movements ii. Sweat iii. Saliva c. IgG: Most abundant i. Can cross placenta ii. In all body fluid iii. Protects against viral and bacterial infections d. IgE: Medication for allergic response and defender against parasitic infections e. IgD: Located primarily on the surface of developing B lymphocytes i. Plays a role in B-Cell activation f. (To remember the order of immunoglobulins) i. M: Mother is always first ii. A: Ahhh for oral (when the doctor asks you to stick out your tongue and say ahh) iii. G: Mother says no you ask grandma iv. E: v. D: 13. Allergic Disorders: i. Contact dermatitis ii. Atopic dermatitis iii. Drug reaction iv. Latex v. Food allergy vi. Cold urticaria vii. Hereditary angioedema b. Assessment i. CBC ii. Eosinophil iii. Total Serum IgE iv. Skin test (prick and scratch) c. Atopic i. Asthma ii. Allergic rhinitis iii. Atopic dermatitis (familial) d. Non-Atopic i. Lack genetic component (latex) 14. Inflammation purpose: To prevent and/or limit infection and further damage to the involved area, remove debris, and prepare the area of injury for healing. a. Signs and symptoms i. Edema ii. Redness iii. Warmth 15. WBC/Leukocytes: Stimulate the inflammatory response and offer protection against various types of infections and foreign antigens a. Five WBCs i. Neutrophils ii. Lymphocytes iii. Monocytes iv. Eosinophils v. Basophils b. WBC range: 4,500-11,000mm3 c. Leukopenia: WBS <4000 i. Drug toxicity ii. Auto Immune disease iii. Bone marrow failure iv. Overwhelming infections d. Leukocytosis: WBCs >10,000 i. Inflammation infection ii. Trauma iii. Dehydration iv. Malignancies v. Stress vi. Steroid use vii. Thyroid e. Neutrophils: Immune systems 1st line of defense used to measure ones risk for infection i. Found in… 1. Bone marrow 2. Blood 3. Tissue ii. Neutropenia: <200 1. Patient receiving chemo/ radiation therapy 2. Virus 3. Bacterial infection