LIN1502 EXAM PACK 2023

LIN1502 Multilingualism: the role of languages in South Africa () 80 Marks Duration: 2 Hours First Examiner: Ms HA van Zweel Second Examiner: Ms M Meier Instructions: This paper consists of 20 pages. Answer ALL the questions. Please take note of the following: 1. Students must upload their answer scripts in a single PDF file (answer scripts must not be password protected or uploaded as “read only” files) 2. NO emailed scripts will be accepted. 3. Students are advised to preview submissions (answer scripts) to ensure legibility and that the correct answer script file has been uploaded. 4. Students are permitted to resubmit their answer scripts should their initial submission be unsatisfactory. 5. Incorrect file format and uncollated answer scripts will not be considered. 6. Incorrect answer scripts and/or submissions made on unofficial examinations platforms (including the invigilator cellphone application) will not be marked and no opportunity will be granted for resubmission. 7. Mark awarded for incomplete submission will be the student’s final mark. No opportunity for resubmission will be granted. 8. Mark awarded for illegible scanned submission will be the student’s final mark. No opportunity for resubmission will be granted. S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 2 [TURN OVER] 9. Submissions will only be accepted from registered student accounts. 10. Students who have not utilised invigilation or proctoring tools will be subjected to disciplinary processes. 11. Students suspected of dishonest conduct during the examinations will be subjected to disciplinary processes. UNISA has a zero tolerance for plagiarism and/or any other forms of academic dishonesty. 12. Students are provided one hour to submit their answer scripts after the official examination time. Submissions made after the official examination time will be rejected by the examination regulations and will not be marked. 13. Students experiencing network or load shedding challenges are advised to apply together with supporting evidence for an Aegrotat within 3 days of the examination session. 14. Please note that you must use the Invigilator App during your entire exam. See the instructions on the following page. Students experiencing technical challenges, contact the SCSC or email or refer to Get-Help for the list of additional contact numbers. Communication received from your myLife account will be considered S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 3 [TURN OVER] LIN1502 Date: 20 October 2021 Duration: 120 Minutes Please take note that The Invigilator App will request you take a picture of every page of your answer sheet at the end of the assessment. YOUR EXAM QR CODE Please take note that this does not replace your formal scan and upload to your Learning Management System (MyExams). INSTRUCTIONS ON THE DAY OF ASSESSMENT: • Please log into The Invigilator App. You need to be connected to the internet in order to log in and scan the QR code. • Scan the QR code above once the examination formally commences. If you encounter difficulty with scanning of the QR code you can also enter the QR access code at the bottom of the QR code in order to start the assessment. • Once the QR code is scanned, you can place your smartphone next to you. The Invigilator App will notify you when an action is required. Ensure your media volume Is turned up. • You may access your MyExams in the application if you only have one device by pressing the ‘access LMS’ button. • Please remember to keep your smartphone on charge for the duration of the assessment. • Keep The Invigilator app open on your cell phone during the assessment. You are not allowed to leave or minimise the application. • When an action is required , a notification beep will be heard. Action the request. • Please ensure you are connected to the internet in order to commence the examination S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 4 [TURN OVER] as well as at the end of the examination. No internet connection is needed during the assessment. • It is important to first upload your script to the MyExams. Uploading of app data is not time sensitive and you can do it after you have uploaded your script to the MyExams. • It is important to note that you have to adhere to the time limit in your MyExams assessment as the invigilation time in the app could exceed the time allocated to complete your assessment. • You can click the "Finish Assessment" button in the app if you finish early. • Should you encounter any technical difficulty, please The Invigilator Helpdesk on 073 505 8273. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 5 [TURN OVER] SECTION A: Multiple-choice questions Answer all the questions by writing the correct answer on your exam answer document 1. Which of the following is considered a divergent strategy? [1] Using in-group slang when addressing a friend in an informal situation. [2] Codeswitching when addressing a monolingual person. [3] Speaking slowly and clearly to a beginner second-language learner. [4] Answering in the language in which you were addressed. 2. Government policy relating to the use of the various languages in a country is known as [1] language shift [2] language planning [3] governmental linguistics [4] None of the above. Read the following case study, then answer Questions 3 to 4. Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: In Mauritius, French coexists with a regional, colloquial variety of French known as Mauritian Creole. Each of these varieties has a different social function: French is learnt at school and used for official and literary purposes, while Creole is the language used for everyday conversation. 3. The situation described above is known as [1] stable bilingualism [2] territorial monolingualism [3] territorial multilingualism [4] diglossia [5] a dual-language programme 4. In Mauritius, French is known as the ----- variety. [1] dominant [2] minority [3] high [4] low S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 6 [TURN OVER] Read the following case study and then answer Questions 5 to 14. Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: Xhosa is an African language that is spoken all over South Africa, but particularly in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape regions. Xhosa belongs to the Nguni language family and is thus related to Zulu. Xhosa and Zulu are similar enough to be mutually intelligible. However, the history of Southern Africa has emphasised the distinctions between the two communities - Xhosa and Zulu have different writing and spelling systems, developed by different missionary societies in the two communities, and the policies of the colonial and apartheid governments emphasised political and cultural differences by setting up different geographical areas for different language groups. Different geographical regions use slightly different varieties of Xhosa, for example, Xhosa speakers from Middelburg use the terms ipiringi ‘saucer’ and ikamire ‘room’, while Xhosa speakers from Cradock use isosara ‘saucer’ and irum ‘room’. Despite these differences in vocabulary and accent, Xhosa speakers have no difficulty understanding each other. 5. Zulu and Xhosa are considered separate languages because [1] they are mutually intelligible [2] they are not mutually intelligible [3] their speakers are culturally and politically distinct [4] they are completely unrelated. 6. Which of the following offers the best definition of the sociolinguistic term dialect? [1] Dialects are mutually intelligible forms of different languages. [2] A dialect is a substandard, low status, often rustic form of language. [3] Dialects are language varieties associated with particular geographical areas. [4] Dialects are language varieties associated with particular social classes. [5] The term ‘dialect’ refers to languages that have no written form. 7. Which of the following statements is true of accents? [1] Speakers’ accents may reveal where they grew up. [2] Speakers’ accents may reveal that they are speaking a language other than their native language. [3] Both [1] and [2] are true. [4] None of the above. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 7 [TURN OVER] 8. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Some dialects are better than others. [2] Some dialects have a higher status than others. [3] Any dialect can be raised to language status if its speakers have sufficient economic and/or military power. [4] The standard language of a nation can be spread via the education system. 9. A language variety associated with a particular person is known as a(n) [1] idiolect [2] dialect [3] sociolect [4] ethnolect. 10. The Xhosa used in Middelburg and Cradock can be classified as two different [1] idiolects [2] dialects [3] sociolects [4] ethnolects [5] languages. 11. The Xhosa terms isosara ‘saucer’ and irum ‘room’ are examples of [1] borrowing [2] codeswitching [3] interference [4] convergence. 12. One disadvantage of choosing Xhosa as South Africa’s only official language would be that [1] Xhosa is an international language [2] it could lead to tension between ethnic groups [3] it would be cheaper than an 11-language policy. 13. Many Xhosa children learn through the medium of Xhosa for the first four years of school and switch to English as medium of instruction from Grade 5, with Xhosa as a school subject. This is an example of [1] mother-tongue education [2] an immersion programme [3] a submersion programme [4] a dual-language programme [5] a transitional programme. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 8 [TURN OVER] 14. According to the custom of hlonipha, a married woman in traditional Xhosa culture must avoid saying [1] her husband’s name and the names of his family [2] her husband’s name, the names of his family and all other words that start with the same letters [3] her husband’s name, the names of his family and all other words that contain these syllables. Read the following example and then answer Questions 15 to 19: Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: Two women are talking. Both women speak Afrikaans as L1 and English as L2. Nou daai dae daar was nie carriers gewees nie, soos nou nie. Ons het gegaan groceries haal en they made a lovely parcel of brown paper. ‘Now in those days there weren’t carriers like there are now. We went to fetch groceries and they made a lovely parcel of brown paper’. 15. The linguistic phenomenon illustrated above is known as [1] borrowing [2] codeswitching [3] euphemism [4] divergence. 16. Which of the following statements is false? [1] The linguistic phenomenon illustrated above involves the use of two or more languages in the same conversation. [2] The linguistic phenomenon illustrated above is a way for speakers to express their common identity as bilinguals. [3] The linguistic phenomenon illustrated above is a sign of laziness and linguistic decay. 17. The women in the example above are probably [1] balanced bilinguals [2] semilinguals [3] monolinguals [4] using a divergent strategy to stress the differences between them. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 9 [TURN OVER] 18. Which of the following statements offers the best definition of a euphemism? [1] A word or phrase used to talk about an embarrassing subject in an indirect but polite way. [2] A word or phrase that is generally avoided in conversation because it deals with unpleasant or embarrassing subjects. [3] A slang word or phrase used to discuss an unpleasant subject such as death or disease. [4] A word or phrase that is considered culturally inappropriate to use. 19. The following Afrikaans expressions all mean the same thing. Which of these is NOT an example of euphemism? [1] Sy het ’n broodjie in die oond - ‘She has a little bread in the oven’ [2] Sy is in die ander tyd - ‘She is in the other time’ [3] Sy is swanger - ‘She is pregnant’ [4] Pienk voete is op pad - ‘Pink feet are on the way’ Read the following case study and then answer Questions 20 to 27: Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way. Case study: Paumarí The Paumarí live in Brazil, mainly on the Purús River. They were and still are to a great extent fishermen. Long before any contact with missionaries, they had numerous contact with river traders. These traders despised the Paumarí and looked at them as inferior beings. They said their language was not a real human language, but rather an animal language. After 40 or more years of this, the Paumarí did not speak their language in front of outsiders; they had become ashamed of it. Most of them knew enough Portuguese to handle talk of trading, fishing, and other simple subjects with outsiders, but the group as a whole felt quite inferior and were not teaching their children that Paumarí had a high value. In 1964, when SIL workers Shirley Chapman and Mary Ann Odmark started living among the Paumarí, there were only 96 people left. Many of them had died of measles and tuberculosis brought in by outsiders. It was a decimated, demoralized group, with little hope of surviving. However, by 1996 the Paumarí population had increased to about 600 people. The single village had expanded to several villages in the area of the Purús river. The Paumarí are no longer ashamed to be called by that name, and some are quite proud of it. They speak their language in public now, although some do mix it with Portuguese. (Michael Cahill 1999. From Endangered to less endangered: Case histories from Brazil and Papua New Guinea. SIL Electronic Working Papers 1999-006. 20. Which of the following is the most appropriate description of Paumari in 1964? [1] a dominant language [2] a dead language [3] a dying language [4] a replacing language. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 10 [TURN OVER] 21. The 96 Paumari speakers remaining in 1964 could be classified as [1] bilinguals [2] semilinguals [3] monolinguals. 22. Which of the following does not generally contribute to language shift? [1] the structure of the language [2] attitudes towards the language [3] increased contact between languages [4] persecution of speakers of the language [5] migration of speakers to urban areas. 23. What is a semi-speaker? [1] Someone with a speech disability. [2] Someone who knows a language imperfectly. [3] Someone who was once fluent but now remembers very little of the language. [4] Someone who is learning a new language. 24. A replacing language is usually [1] a minority language [2] a grammatically simple language [3] an endangered language [4] a socially and economically useful language. 25. Language shift occurs when [1] monolinguals become bilingual [2] bilingual speakers codeswitch [3] speakers use their L2 in situations where they used to use the L1 [4] a minority language becomes used more frequently. 26. Halting the process of language death is possible if [1] the community value and continue to use their traditional language [2] the language is used in the mass media [3] the government is committed to preserving minority languages [4] All of the above. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 11 [TURN OVER] 27. Which of the following is not characteristic of a dying language? [1] Its lexicon shrinks. [2] It becomes grammatically more complex. [3] It becomes used in fewer domains than before. [4] It borrows heavily from the dominant language. Read the following case study and then answer Questions 28 to 32: Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way. South African Sign Language It is estimated that 500 000 South Africans accept and use South African Sign Language as their first language (DEAFSA, 1997:4). In the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Sign Language is recognised as a language for development. Present government policy supports the use of Sign Language as the language of education for the Deaf. In South Africa there are presently 35 schools for the deaf and hard of hearing. Sign Language varieties and educational philosophy vary from one school to another. The fragmentation of the South African Deaf community can be attributed to the apartheid education system, lack of resources in schools for the Deaf, oralist education philosophy (which discouraged or forbade the use of 'manual' communication), lack of teacher training and the failure of government to recognise SASL as an official language. These factors have impeded the development of deaf education and have led to a situation in which one in three deaf adults in South Africa is functionally illiterate (DEAFSA, 1997: 15-16). ( The Centre for Deaf Education, University of the Witwatersrand, accessed 8/12/04) 28. South African Sign Language (SASL) is [1] based on South African English [2] a pidgin sign language [3] a natural sign language [4] a system of fingerspelling. 29. Most of the hand signals in natural sign language are [1] arbitrary [2] iconic [3] fingerspelling [4] cued speech. 30. A manual sign code is used when [1] Deaf people communicate with each other [2] Deaf and hearing people communicate with each other [3] hearing people communicate with each other. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 12 [TURN OVER] 31. A Deaf baby who learns sign language from her Deaf parents learns it [1] spontaneously [2] through guided learning [3] after the critical period [4] as a second language. 32. The mutually intelligible varieties of South African sign language associated with different schools can be described as [1] different languages [2] idiolects [3] sociolects. 33. Deaf babies who are exposed to sign language produce their first signs at about 6 months. This is earlier than hearing children’s first words because [1] the muscular development of the hands is faster than that of the vocal organs. [2] sign language is grammatically simpler than spoken language. [3] they have no spoken language input. Read the following case study and then answer Questions 34 to 36: Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way. In an American study of over 100 classes Sadker & Sadker (1985) found that boys spoke on average three times as much as girls, that boys were eight times more likely than girls to call out answers, and that teachers accepted such answers from boys but reprimanded girls for calling out. French and French (1984) suggest that particular strategies may enable talkative boys to gain more than their fair share of classroom talk. 34. Which of the following statements is true? [1] Girls tend to view conversation as a way of enhancing their status. [2] Girls tend to talk more in public than boys do. [3] The classroom situation mirrors male dominance in the outside world. [4] Boys see conversation primarily as a way of building connections and relationships. 35. Which of the following is not typically influenced by gender? [1] the pitch or deepness of the voice [2] word choice [3] sentence length [4] the frequency with which euphemisms are used [5] conversational style. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: benndabambe | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn R1,135 per month? S - The study-notes marketplace CONFIDENTIAL OCT/NOV LIN1502 Page 13 [TURN OVER] 36. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Women generally provide more feedback than men during conversation. [2] Men generally ask more questions than women in conversation. [3] Women generally try and avoid conflict in conversation. [4] Women generally prefer a co-operative style of conversation. Read the following conversation and then answer Questions 37 to 40: Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way. A (from New Zealand): That’s a really gorgeous necklace you’re wearing. Those stones are the most beautiful deep indigo blue. B (from Samoa): Here, take it. 37. Judging by the conversational style, what gender is speaker A? [1] Male, because of the choice of adjectives and colour terms. [2] Male, because direct commands are used. [3] Female, because of the choice of adjectives and colour terms. [4] Female, because euphemisms are used. 38. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Conversational rules and patterns are universal. [2] Communicative competence can be defined as our knowledge of socially appropriate speech behaviour. [3] Misunderstandings can result when speakers from different cultures interact. [4] Different languages reflect different cultural worldviews. 39. Which of the following aspects of complimenting behaviour differs from society to society? [1] the frequency with which compliments are given [2] the topics on which it is considered appropriate to compliment [3] the appropriate response to a compliment [4] who usually compliments whom [5] All of the above. 40. The most appropriate response to a compliment is [1] a simple ‘thank you’ [2] to give a compliment in return [3] to reject the compliment by denying that it is true [4] to give the person the item on which you have been complimented [5] dependent on the cultural cont