PYC3703 EXAM PACK 2025

Chapter 1 TEST BANK 1. Which of the following would not be studied by a Cognitive Psychologist? a. whether people can pay attention to multiple stimuli at once without losing accuracy b. if advertising using animation is more memorable than advertising using no animation c. whether a group of people present affect how much is given to charity d. if the reading speed of college graduates differs from that of high school graduates ANS: c 2. The combination of rational with empirical methods so as to get the “best of both worlds” represents, in dialectical terms, a(n) a. thesis. b. antithesis. c. synthesis. d. antisynthesis. ANS: c 3. Part of dialectic thinking is when a statement of belief is proposed. This statement would be called the ___. a. antithesis b. synthesis c. thesis d. pragmatics ANS: c 4. This part of dialectic thinking is when a counterstatement to previous beliefs emerges. This counterstatement would be called the ___. a. antithesis b. synthesis c. thesis d. pragmatics ANS: a 5. The philosopher who advanced the notion of a dialectic was __________. a. Plato b. Hegel c. Descartes d. Aristotle ANS: b S - The study-notes marketplace 6. A rationalist a. uses logical analysis to understand the world and people’s relations to it. b. is a follower of Aristotle’s empiricist philosophy. c. supports the idea of monism. d. believes that knowledge is acquired through experience and observation. ANS: a 7. Rationalism is to ____ as empiricism is to ____. a. empirical evidence; theory b. theory; empirical evidence c. manipulation; measure d. hypothesis; theory ANS: b 8. This particular approach emphasizes logical analysis as the means to acquiring new knowledge. a. Tabula rasa b. Synthesis c. Rationalist d. Empiricist ANS: c 9. An empiricist a. believes that knowledge is acquired through experience and observation. b. is a follower of Plato’s rationalist philosophy. c. supports the idea of mind-body dualism. d. believes that the mind and the body are separate entities. ANS: a 10. This particular approach emphasizes empirical evidence as the means to acquiring new knowledge. a. Rationalist b. Monist c. Empiricist d. Nativist ANS: c S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 11. Theresa, a judge, does not accept circumstantial evidence as evidence in her court. Theresa will not convict anyone of a crime, based on general principles of anticipated behavior of people brought to court. Instead, Theresa allows only evidence that she can see, or “hard,” observational evidence, to be used in a prosecution. Theresa could be referred to as a(n) a. Monist b. Empiricist c. Rationalist d. Nativist ANS: b 12. Elma, an automobile factory worker, learns how to install a car air conditioner by watching a fellow worker install the part. The knowledge Elma has just acquired is __________ acquired knowledge. a. experimentally b. reductively c. innately d. empirically ANS: d 13. Psychology is sometimes viewed as a merging of a. philosophy and monism. b. rationalism and physiology. c. physiology and empiricism. d. philosophy and physiology. ANS: d 14. Descartes is known for having been a(n) a. functionalist. b. behaviorist. c. empiricist. d. rationalist. ANS: d 15. A philosopher who largely rejected acquisition of knowledge by empirical means was a. John Locke. b. Aristotle. c. David Hume. d. René Descartes. ANS: d S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 16. Which of the following people supported the rationalist view and largely rejected the pure empirical view? a. Kant b. Aristotle c. Descartes d. Locke ANS: c 17. __________ refers to Locke’s belief that all knowledge is gained empirically, beginning at birth, when our minds are a blank slate. a. Innate b. A priori c. A posteriori d. Tabula rasa ANS: d 18. Immanuel Kant a. believed in an integration of rationalism and empiricism. b. rejected completely all forms of rationalism and empiricism. c. believed only in rationalism. d. believed only in empiricism. ANS: a 19. The goal of structuralism was to understand the “content” of the mind by a. synthesizing constituent parts of perceptions. b. analyzing perceptions into their constituent parts. c. observing responses to various stimuli. d. evaluating other schools of thought to provide a “structure” for the new movement. ANS: b 20. Wilhelm Wundt’s idea of _________ involved looking inward at the contents of one’s consciousness. a. projection b. introversion c. repression d. introspection ANS: d S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 21. Bill, a mechanic, believes that automobile research should place an emphasis on studying how a car is used and the processes that occur among the various parts. If Bill had chosen psychology as a career field, he might have been in favor of a. Gestaltism. b. structuralism. c. behaviorism. d. functionalism. ANS: d 22. Which of the following examples is most analogous to the goal of the structuralist movement? a. Scientists study an entire assembled jigsaw puzzle in order to understand each of the pieces. b. Scientists look at how the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fit together in order to understand the assembling process. c. Scientists look at each piece of a jigsaw puzzle in order to understand the whole puzzle as assembled. d. Scientists study the different ways a jigsaw puzzle can be assembled to form different images. ANS: c. 23. The school of thought that focuses on answering the question of “What do people do and why do they do it?” is called a. Gestaltism. b. structuralism. c. psychoanalysis. d. functionalism. ANS: d 24. Which of the following is not consistent with the ideas of functionalism? a. the study of the organism independent of its environment b. the study of mental processes c. the study and uses of consciousness d. the study of the relationship between the organism and its environment ANS: a 25. Lorraine was conducting an experiment in which she was eating an apple and was trying to analyze the experience. What technique was she using? a. in vivo b. introspection c. empiricism d. naturalistic observation ANS: b S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 26. A leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism was __________, whose chief functional contribution to the field of psychology was his landmark book, Principles of Psychology. a. John Dewey b. William James c. Edward Lee Thorndike d. Hermann Ebbinghaus ANS: b 27. Pragmatism concerns itself most directly with the a. practicality of acquiring knowledge. b. degree to which knowledge is empirical. c. philosophical implications of knowledge. d. usefulness of knowledge. ANS: d 28. Of the following types of knowledge, a pragmatist would most likely support the study of knowledge that a. exists for its own sake. b. can be used to help people become better educated. c. enables us to speculate further on the relationship between body and mind. d. has no specific use, but is highly interesting from a psychological perspective. ANS: b 29. Associationism is a school of psychology, arising from Locke and Aristotle, that examines a. how ideas become associated with each other in the mind. b. the process by which the thoughts of some people associate with the thoughts of others. c. how “nonreal” representative objects become associated with abstract “ideal” objects in the mind. d. observable associations between stimuli and responses. ANS: a 30. This researcher examined the impact of rehearsal on memory using himself as a subject. a. Tolman b. Dewey c. Kant d. Ebbinghaus ANS: d S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 31. The “law of effect” states that a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if the a. stimulus is conditioned. b. organism is repeatedly rewarded for that response. c. organism is repeatedly punished for that response. d. stimulus and the response are both unconditioned. ANS: b 32. The landmark experiment in which dogs salivate at the sight of the person who feeds them provides an example of a. classically conditioned learning. b. instrumental learning. c. social learning. d. physiological psychology. ANS: a 33. Skinner’s argument included the idea of operant conditioning, which refers to his belief that a. the strengthening or weakening of behavior, depending upon the presence or absence of reinforcement or punishment, explains all human behavior. b. all human behavior can be explained by operant conditioning, involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, depending only on the presence of punishment. c. human behavior is highly unpredictable and, as a result, only some human behavior can be explained in terms of reinforcement-punishment relationships. d. human behavior cannot be understood without taking into account the purpose of the behavior. ANS: a 34. John Watson, the founder of radical behaviorism, was an American psychologist who a. rejected all aspects of functionalism. b. supported the functionalist movement and was one of its most ardent supporters. c. rejected some aspects of functionalism, but at the same time drew heavily from the functionalists. d. altered the course of functionalism and later renamed the movement “behaviorism.” ANS: c. 35. Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of Behaviorism? a. The behavioristic principles did not explain language learning well. b. The law of effect did not generalize to humans. c. Classical conditioning only works on animals. d. All of the above are legitimate criticisms. ANS: a 36. Gestalt psychology has most greatly influenced, specifically, the study of S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace a. emotion. b. insight. c. behavior. d. linguistics. ANS: b. 37. Which of the following were known as Behaviorists who were willing to look inside the black box? a. Tolman for his work with mazes b. Pavlov for his work with dogs. c. Skinner for his work with rats. d. Watson for his work with Little Albert. ANS: a 38. Karl Lashley’s work in biological psychology led him to work with which key issue that deals with the location of individual cognitive processes in the brain? a. Monistic localization in brain function b. Prosopagnosia c. The brain as an organizer of behavior d. Hysteresis ANS: c 39. When developing this type of computer system, the goal is to have a system thatdemonstrates intelligent processing of information. a. Artificial Intelligence b. Engineered Intelligence (EI) c. Technologically Engineered Intelligence (TEI) d. Information processing approach ANS: a 40. Who is known for the development of the concept “modularity of the mind”? a. B.F. Skinner b. Jerry Fodor c. Albert Bandura d. Donald Broadbent ANS: b 41. What does the term metacognition refer to? a. It is a term that describes all the different theories of Intelligence. b. The term describes the mathematical process used to calculate intelligence. c. The term describes your understanding of your own thinking processes. d. The term captures the cultural differences in intelligence. ANS: c 42. Which theory of Intelligence emphasizes modularity? S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace a. Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence b. Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences c. Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory d. None of the theories emphasize modularity. ANS: b 43. Christia is in the process of developing a research idea. She currently is reviewing various _____, which consists of explanatory principles for the phenomenon of interest. a. correlational studies b. dependent variables c. hypotheses d. theories ANS: d 44. After conducting an experiment, the means for the two groups are not identical which may suggest a difference between the two groups. However, in order to be sure, you need to analyze the experimental results in terms of the likelihood that the result simply occurred by chance. This is called a. statistical significance. b. practical significance. c. descriptive statistics. d. meta-analysis. ANS: a 45. Dorothy conducted an experiment in which there was a 20 point difference between the experimental and control group. The statistical test suggests that this result did not occur simply by chance. Dorothy’s results are said to have (found) a. statistical significance. b. practical significance. c. descriptive statistics. d. meta-analysis. ANS: a 46. In an experimental design, this is often the variable of interest that is being manipulated. a. extraneous variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. confounding variable ANS: b 47. In an experimental design, this is often the outcome or the variable that is being measured(e.g., score on a test). S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace a. extraneous variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. confounding variable ANS: c 48. Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development. What is the independent variable in this example? a. type of music b. intellectual development c. the control group d. the experimental group ANS: a 49. Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development. What is the dependent variable in this example? a. type of music b. intellectual development c. the control group d. the experimental group ANS: b 50. The sample, when compared to the population, does a good job of reflecting many of the characteristics of the population. a. systematic sampling b. cross-sectional design c. random sample d. representative sample ANS: d 51. James was interested in a new study technique and whether it would have an impact on the retention of information when compared to a traditional study method. James had the experimental group, with the new study technique, study psychology, while the other group, S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace with the old technique, studied Greek. In this example, the type of material (psychology versus Greek) would be an example of (a) ____. a. antithesis b. confounding variable c. random sample d. representative sample ANS: b 52. __________ is a type of variable that is left uncontrolled in an experiment. Such a variable could contribute to difference in performance making it difficult to interpret the results of the experiment. a. Independent variable b. Confounding variable c. Dependent variable d. Controlled variable ANS: b. 53. Every individual in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment. a. representative sample b. single-subject design c. random sample d. systematic sampling ANS: c. 54. This type of study simply looks for a statistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating the variables of interest. a. quasi-experimental design b. multivariate statistics c. correlation d. experimental design ANS: c. 55. Brian was playing a game of three truths and a lie with some of his friends. The goal of the group is to identify the lie. Brian observed that the bigger the lie, the more the person would scratch his/her face. He thought that if he plotted amount of scratching by severity of lie that there would be a relation. Brian is thinking of what type of study. a. quasi-experimental design b. multivariate statistics c. correlation d. experimental design ANS: c. 56. This type of research is interested in identifying which parts of the brain and what specific brain activity are associated with particular cognitive tasks. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace a. psychobiological research b. cerebral relational analysis c. structural relational analysis d. biological research ANS: a. 57. This technique for studying the brain occurs after the death of the individual, and relates function prior to death to observable brain features after death. a. postmortem b. in vivo c. aspiration lesions d. cryogenic blockade ANS: a. 58. This technique for studying the brain occurs while the individual is alive, and specific cerebral damage is conducted to see the effects on function. a. postmortem b. cryogenic blockade c. extracellular unit recording d. in vivo ANS: d. 59. Yaun participated in an experiment in which he saw various stimuli on a computer screen.After the experiment, Yaun was to provide feedback about what he thought was going on cognitively. This would be an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. individual observation. c. case study. d. self-report. ANS: d. 60. Lequoia decided to conduct her study at the mall. She watched people at the mall for veryspecific behavior and simply kept track of the number of times the behavior occurred for various groups. This would be an example of a. naturalistic observation b. structuralism c. case study d. self-report ANS: a 61. __________ take(s) into account human limits when modeling cognitive functions/processes in a program. a. Computer simulations S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace b. Ecological programming c. Artificial intelligence d. Cognitive science ANS: a 62. What is one of many ways in which cognitive performance by computers differs from such performance by humans? a. Most computers use parallel processing, whereas humans often use serial processing. b. Most computers use serial processing, whereas humans often also use parallel processing. c. There are no differences in cognitive ability; only in the way each carries out tasks. d. Computers’ cognitive abilities are much more complex than human cognitive abilities, and therefore there is no one explanation. ANS: b 63. Ecological validity refers to the degree to which lab data hold true when altered to account for a. ecological differences between the lab and the outside environment. b. the degree to which data gathered in a lab will apply outside the lab, given the influences of the environment on cognitive activity. c. the accuracy of predictions of how test subjects will react when placed in an environment with different ecological relationships. d. the effect ecological changes have on the behavior of organisms in the particular environment. ANS: b 64. Mrs. M had difficulties with managing relationships. She was paranoid about anything that was said and often interpreted comments as an attack on her or her family. These symptoms and others were studied by a therapist for years and then were written up to help others understand her particular constellation of symptoms. This would be an example of a a. naturalistic observation b. psychobiological research c. case study d. self-report ANS: c 65. This major theme of cognitive psychology deals with what factors contribute/influence who we are. To what extent is it our genetic inheritance or our surrounding environment? a. structures versus processes b. nature versus nurture S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace c. biological versus behavioral methods d. rationalism versus empiricism ANS: b 66. This theme of cognitive psychology deals with how we discover truth about ourselves and the world. Is it through the use of reason and logic or is it through observing and testing what we can sense? a. rationalism versus empiricism b. biological versus behavioral methods c. structures versus processes d. nature versus nurture ANS: a 67. _____ is an interdisciplinary approach (e.g., artificial intelligence, linguistic, etc.) to the study of the mind. a. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Mind (MAM) b. Cognitive consortium c. Cognitive science d. Cognitive psychology ANS: c. 68. The issues for this theme of cognitive psychology is whether we should focus on the content of the human mind or if we should focus on the processes of human thinking. a. rationalism versus empiricism b. domain generality versus domain specificity c. structures versus processes d. nature versus nurture ANS: c 69. This theme of cognitive psychology is whether one should use carefully controlled experiments or use techniques that would allow one to observe the behaviors as they naturally occur. a. structures versus processes b. validity of inferences versus ecological validity c. nature versus nurture d. domain generality versus domain specificity ANS: d 70. This major theme of cognitive psychology looks at to what extent we use highly controlled experiments versus naturalistic techniques. a. biological versus behavioral methods b. validity of inferences versus ecological validity c. rationalism versus empiricism S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace d. structures versus processes ANS: b 71. This major theme for cognitive psychology is whether research should focus on fundamental cognitive processes or focus on research that has more of a practical application. a. domain generality versus domain specificity b. structures versus processes c. applied versus basic research d. rationalism versus empiricism ANS: c 72. This major theme for cognitive psychology is in terms of how we acquire information about cognitive processes. Should we study the brain directly or should we look at performance on cognitive tasks? a. biological versus behavioral methods b. validity of inferences versus ecological validity c. nature versus nurture d. rationalism versus empiricism ANS: a 73. Santiago says that in order to understand cognitive processes we need to look directly at the brain to see how it functions. Ayami disagrees and says that we need to look at how people perform on various cognitive tasks. This disagreement is an example of a. biological versus behavioral methods. b. validity of inferences versus ecological validity. c. nature versus nurture. d. rationalism versus empiricism. ANS: a. 74. In psychological research, conducting lesions on the brain can be seen as an example of which of the key issues within the field of cognitive psychology? a. nature versus nurture b. rationalism versus empiricism c. structure versus processes d. applied versus basic research ANS: c. 75. Santiago and Ayami disagree on the direction of their research lab. Santiago is simply interested in a particular phenomenon and wants to study it for knowledge sake; Ayami, however, wants to be able to take what is learned and use it in practical applications. Their disagreement is an example of a. nature versus nurture. b. rationalism versus empiricism. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace c. structure versus processes. d. applied versus basic research. ANS: d Chapter 2 Test bank 1. Which of the following comprise the forebrain? a. corpus callosum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex b. hippocampus, medulla, pons, and thalamus c. cerebral cortex, basil ganglia, the limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus d. amygdala, reticular activating system, and corpus callosum ANS: c. 2. The basal ganglia of the forebrain are crucial to a. motor function. b. hearing. c. sleeping and waking. d. regulating behavior necessary for species survival. ANS: a 3. The limbic system is responsible for a. memory retrieval. b. relaying sensory information. c. emotion, motivation, and learning. d. motor information. ANS: c 4. All of the following are central interconnected cerebral structures of the limbic system except the a. primary motor cortex. b. septum. c. amygdala. d. hippocampus. ANS: a 5. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is known to cause a. visual agnosia. b. semantic memory loss. c. fear. d. motor deficits. ANS: d S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 6. Which of the following processes would most likely involve the limbic system? a. Bill stretches his arms high into the air. b. Bill feels very nervous about the upcoming exam. c. Bill solves a physics problem. d. Bill feels an acute pain in his wrist. ANS: b 7. When the area of the forebrain known as the amygdala is stimulated, what reactions are likely to result? a. palpitations, fearful hallucinations, frightening flashbacks in memory b. dizziness, headache, loss of consciousness c. insomnia, inability to concentrate, restlessness d. intense concentration ANS: a 8. The __________ and __________ play a role in anger, aggression, and fear. a. amygdala; hippocampus b. septum; amygdala c. hippocampus; septum d. primary motor cortex; septum ANS: b 9. Which of the following would most likely involve the use of the septum? a. Mike is scared by a man pointing a knife at him. b. Mike remembered a man that had pointed a knife at him. c. Mike sees a man who is pointing a knife at him. d. Mike sees a photo of a man pointing a knife at a woman. ANS: a 10. Which of the following would involve activity in the amygdala? a. Wilma sees a cute cat. b. Wilma remembers her wedding day. c. Wilma gets angry at a dog after it ate her purse. d. Wilma leans over to pet a large dog. ANS: c 11. The __________ is responsible for the formation of new memories. a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by:: sirhankza1 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace d. aphasia ANS: b 12. Damage to the hippocampus can result in “loss of memory function” in which old information is still able to be recalled, but the individual is unable to form new memories. This is known as a. Benzine syndrome. b. apraxia. c. aphasia. d. Korsakoff’s syndrome. ANS: d REF: Korsakoff’s Syndrome 13. Disruption in the hippocampus does not seem to result in deficits of what kind of memory? a. declarative memory b. short-term memory c. procedural memory d. long-term memory ANS: c REF: Hippocampus Function 14. Jennifer has damage to a certain area of her brain. She can remember people and events from long ago, but she cannot remember where she ate lunch today. Judging by her symptoms, Jennifer probably has damage to the a. hypothalamus. b. hippocampus. c. thalamus. d. corpus callosum. ANS: b REF: Hippocampus 15. This area of the brain is known to sort information and send it to appropriate areas in the cerebral cortex. a. hippocampus. b. basil ganglia. c. amygdala. d. thalamus. ANS: d REF: Thalamus Function 16. This particular part of the brain is responsible for regulating behavior that is important for the survival of the organism (e.g., fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating) and “regulating emotions and reactions to stress.” a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pons d. limbic system ANS: a REF: Hypothalamus Function