TCC Psych 2301 1 Exam Top Questions with accurate answers, 100% accurate, rated A

TCC Psych 2301 1 Exam Top Questions with accurate answers, 100% accurate, rated A What is psychology - -scientific study of behavior and mental processes Areas in psychology? - -Biology and Experimental, Clinical/Counseling, Industrial Organizational, Cognitive, Social/Personality, Educational, School, Developmental Degrees held in psychology? - -MD-Psychologist, PsyD-Doctor of Psychology, PHD-Doctor of Socology, MA or MS-Masters Mental Health Counselor Goals of Psychology? - -Describe, Explain, Predict, Control-lay the foundation for the scientific approach and experimental designs used to carry out research. Beginning of psychology? - -Wilhelm Wundt-Germany Beginning Measuring processes of psychology - -psychological processes through introspection-effortable reflection on the sensations, feelings, images-responding to stimulus-followed by objective reports Introspection - -examination of one's own thoughts and feelings. Parts of the brain - -Cerebullum (balance and coordination), Brain Stem (Controls body's involuntary actions: breathing, chewing, thinking), Cerebrum (Area responsible for all voluntary actions) Lobes - -frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal Frontal lobe - -area of the cortex-organizes information among other lobes-responsible for higer learning Parietal lobes - -area of cortex-receives and process sensory information, touch/pressure/temp./spatial orientation Occipital lobes - -area of cortex-in back of head-processes visual info. Temporal lobes - -area of cortex-processes auditory stimuli and language Humanistic Psychology - -Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow-maintain optimistic focus on human behavior; believe each person is the master of their own fate, human direction is towards human growth. Psychanalytic Psychology - -Sigmund Freud-Interested in abnormal functioning and unconscious thought; personality is shaped by unconscious conflict Behavioral Psychology - -B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson-study of observable behavior. Functionalism Psychology - -Mary Whiton Calkins, William James-interested in how the mind functions to help us adapt and survive. Structuralism Psychology - -Edward Titchener, Wilhelm Wundt-used reports of subjective experience (introspection) to describe the structure of the mind. Cognitive Psychology - -George Miller-renewed focus on mental processes, including physiological explanations. Sociocultural Psychology - -Mamie Phipps Clark, Lev Vygotsky-Understand behavior by examining influences of other people and the larger culture. Evoluntionary Psychology - -Charles Darwin-Use knowledge about evolutionary forces to understand behavior. Biopsychosocial perspective - -explains behavior through the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Pseudopsychology - -an approach to explaining and predicting behavior and events that appears to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it. Critical thinking - -weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, evaluating, and determining the contributions of each. Scientific method - -scientists conduct research, which includes a continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation. Experiment - -A controlled procedure that involves careful examination through the use of scientific observation and or manipulation and/or manipulation of variables. (Measurable characteristics) Hypothesis - -A statement that can be used to test a prediction. Theory - -Synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and guide predictions to be tested through research. Operational definition - -The precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured. Replicate - -Repeat an experiment generally with a new sample and/or other changes to the procedures, the goal which is to provide further support for the findings of the first study. Types of research methods - -Variables, population and sample, informed consent, debriefing. Variables - -Measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people. Population - -All members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested. Sample - -A subset of the population chosen for inclusion in an experiment. Random sample - -A subset of the population chosen through procedure that ensures all members of the population have an equally likely chance of being selected to participate in the study. Representative sample - -A subgroup of the population selected so that its members have characteristics that closely reflect those of the population of interest. Informed consent - -Acknowledgment of study participants that they understand what their participation will entail. Debriefing - -Sharing information with participants after their involvement in the study has ended, including the purpose of the study and deception used in it. Institutional review board - -The committee that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of all participants. Descriptive research - -describe and explore behaviors, although the findings cannot definitively state cause and affect relationships Naturalistic observation - -studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation Observer bias - -errors introduced in the recording of observation due to the researchers value system, expectations, or attitudes. Case study - -research that closely examine one individual or small group Survey method - -uses questionnaires or interviews together data Correlational method - -examines the relationships among variables. Correlation - -An association or relationship between two or more variables. Correlational coefficient - -The statistical measure that indicates the strength and directions of the relationship between two variables. Third Variable - -And unaccounted for characteristic of participants or environment that explains changes in the variables of interest. Positive correlation - -As one variable increases, the other also increases. Negative correlation - -As one variable increases, the other decreases (an inverse relationship.) Experimental method - -research that manipulates a variable of interest (Independent variable) to uncover cause and effect relationships. Random assignment - -appointing participants in a research study to the experimental or control group's ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either. Experimental group - -Members of an experiment were exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher-represents the treatment group Control group - -Participants in an experiment or not exposed to the treatment variable, this is the comparison group. Placebo - -And an inert substance given to members of the control group, the fake treatment that has no benefit, but is it administered as if it does. Independent variable - -varible manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable. Dependent variable - -characteristic or response measured to determine the effect of the researchers manipulation. Extraneous variable - -variable in the environment or of the participants that could unintentionally influence the outcome of the study. Confounding variable - -extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable, making it difficult to discern which one is causing changes in the dependent variable. Experimental group - -Treatment group Independent variable - -Explanatory variable Dependent variable - -Response variable Positive psychology - -focuses on the positive aspects of human beings, seeking to understand their strengths and uncover the roots of happiness, creativity, humor, and so on. Neuroscience - -Study of the brain and nervous system. Biological psychology - -focuses on how the brain and other biological systems influence human behavior. Neurons - -Building blocks of the nervous system-transmit electrical and chemical signals in the body Cell body - -Region of the neuron that includes a nucleus containing DNA, protein producing mechanisms, and other structures that nourish the cell. Dendrites - -Tiny, branchlike fibers extending from the cell body that receive messages from other neurons and sends information in the direction of the cell body. Axon - -Skinny tubelike structure of a neuron that extends from the cell body, and which sends messages to other neurons. Myelin sheath - -Fatty substance to insulates the Axon and speeds the transmission of neural messages. Synapse - -Tiny gap between at terminal bad of one axon and a dendrite of the next neuron, junction between neurons were communication occurs. Glial cells - -Cells that support, Norris, and protect neurons, produce Myelin that covers axons. Cell body - -Soma Terminal buds - -Axon beds, synaptic knob's, terminal buttons Synapse - -Synaptic cleft, synaptic gap Resting potential - -Electrical potential of a cell at rest, the state of the cell when it's not activated. Action potential - -The spike an electrical energy that passes through the axon of a neuron, the purpose of which is to convey information. All or none - -A neuron either fires or does not fire, action potential's are always the same strength. Neurotransmitters - -Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse. Reuptake - -Process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending terminal bud. Receptor sites - -Location where neurotransmitters attach on the receiving side of the synaptic gap. Threshold potential - -Stimulus threshold Action potential - -Spike potential Split brain investigations - -Proven effective for eliminating and reducing seizures, essentially disconnects the right and left hemispheres of the brain. The corpus callosum communicates or is a passageway for the electrical storm responsible for seizures, when this is severed it so the storms can no longer pass freely between the hemispheres. Right hemisphere - -Controls the left side of the body. Left hemisphere - -Controls the right side of the body. Central nervous system - -A major component of the human nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system - -Part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Spinal cord - -Bundle of neurons that Atwells communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, connecting with the body's muscles, glands, and organs. Sympathetic nervous system - -Heightens flight/fight and arousal. Parasympathetic nervous system - -Normal resting state Sensory neurons - -receives information about the environment from the sensory systems and transmits this information to the brain for further processing. Motor neurons - -transmits information from the central nervous system to other parts of the body, such as muscles and glands. Interneurons - -resides exclusively in the brain and spinal cord, acts a bridge connecting sensory and motor neurons Reflex arc - -An automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk reaction, a simple pathway of communication from sensory neurons through interneurons in the spinal cord back out through motor neurons. Nerves - -Bundles of neurons carry information to and from the central nervous system, provide communication between the central nervous system and the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. Somatic nervous system - -Branch of the parasympathetic nervous system that include sensory nerves and motor nerves, gathers information from sensory receptor and controls the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movement. Acetycholine - -Nuerotransmitter relays messages from motor neurons to muscles enabling movement low levels linked to Alzheimer's